Elucidating the Pivotal Neuroimmunomodulation of Stem Cells in Spinal Cord Injury Repair

Figure 1

An illustration of the various types of stem cells and the pathways via which they influence the repair of spinal cord injury. Red: inhibitory pathway/tumor inhibition; black: facilitatory pathway; NSCs: neural stem cells; SCs: Schwann cells; OECs: olfactory ensheathing cells; Er-NPCs: erythropoietin-releasing neural precursors cells; UCBCs: umbilical cord blood cells; iPSCs: induced pluripotent stem cells; HuCNS-SCs: human central nervous system stem cells; MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells.