Elucidating the Pivotal Neuroimmunomodulation of Stem Cells in Spinal Cord Injury Repair

Table 1

The immune players influenced by the various stem cell types at the injury microenvironment after transplantation in SCI.

Type of cells	Immune players influenced at injury milieu	Effects on recovery	Citations
Neural stem cells (NSCs)	FGF2; HGF; CD133^+/CD34^−/CD45^−; Neurogenin-2; GSI	Facilitatory; Facilitatory; Facilitatory; Facilitatory; Tumor inhibition	[55]; [61]; [62]; [67]; [72]
Schwann cells (SCs)	p75; GFAP; S100; L1; N-CAM; NGF; BDNF; GDNF; CNTF; IL-10; Fibronectin; Laminin	Facilitatory; Facilitatory; Facilitatory; Facilitatory; Facilitatory; Facilitatory; Facilitatory; Facilitatory; Facilitatory; Facilitatory; Facilitatory; Facilitatory	[3, 74]; [3, 74]; [3, 74]; [3, 74]; [3, 74]; [78–81]; [78–81]; [78–81]; [78–81]; [86–88]; [74]; [74]
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs)	p75; GFAP; S100; L1; N-CAM; Fibronectin; Laminin	Facilitatory; Facilitatory; Facilitatory; Facilitatory; Facilitatory; Facilitatory; Facilitatory	[3, 74]; [3, 74]; [3, 74]; [3, 74]; [3, 74]; [74]; [74]
Ependymal cells	EGF; FGF2	Facilitatory; Facilitatory	[107]; [107]
Human central nervous system stem cell (HuCNS-SC)	Further studies needed	Facilitatory	[109]
Erythropoietin-releasing neural precursors cells (Er-NPCs)	Macrophages; rhEPO; 5-TH; GAP43; BDNF; NGF; β-Tubulin III; MAP-2	Inhibitory; Facilitatory; Facilitatory; Facilitatory; Facilitatory; Facilitatory; Facilitatory; Facilitatory	[31, 112]; [117]; [31, 116, 117]; [31, 118–120]; [116, 122, 123]; [116, 122, 123]; [31]; [31]
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)	5-HT; GAP43; BDNF; VEGF; FGF2; MAP-2; GABA-A; BNP; TGF-β	Facilitatory; Facilitatory; Facilitatory; Facilitatory; Facilitatory; Facilitatory; Facilitatory; Facilitatory; Facilitatory	[137]; [128, 147]; [4, 148]; [4, 148]; [4, 148]; [4, 151]; [4, 151]; [4, 152, 153]; [4, 161, 162]
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)	GSI; HSVtk; GCV	Tumor inhibition; Tumor inhibition; Tumor inhibition	[1]; [1]; [1]
Umbilical cord blood cells (UCBCs)	CD34^+/CD45^−; CD133^+	Facilitatory; Facilitatory	[3]; [3]