Epigenetic Regulation of Methylation in Determining the Fate of Dental Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Table 2

Methylation and demethylation in DPSCs.

Methylated modification	Epigenetic modifiers	Epigenetic mark	Function
DNA methylation	DNMT3A	DNMTs	Regulating the odontogenic differentiation [135].
	DNMT3B	DNMTs	Enhancing the odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs by inhibiting DNMT3B-mediated-methylation of DLX3 [135–137].
	DNMT1	DNMTs	The methylation of KLF4 promoters by DNMT1 inhibited the odontoblast differentiation of DPSCs [138].
	RG108	DNMT inhibitor	Improving the efficiency of odontoblast differentiation [138].
	5-Aza	DNMT inhibitor	Inhibiting inflammation while enhancing myogenic differentiation and odontogenic differentiation [141–144].
DNA demethylation	TET2	DNA demethylases	TET2 knockdown downregulates MyD88 promoter methylation and inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory responses in DPSCs [145].
	TET1	DNA demethylases	Enhancing self-differentiation and odontogenesis [146–148].
Histone methylation		H3K4me3	Enhancing the differentiation [150].
	EZH2	H3K27me3	Reducing H3K27me3 expression increased that of KDM6B in DPSCs under inflammation and inhibition of EZH2 can activate β-catenin transcription and Wnt signaling pathway to promote the osteogenic differentiation [151–153].
Histone demethylation	KDM6B	H3K27me3	Removing H3K27me3 methylation, activating odontogenic transcriptional gene activation and enhancing the odontogenic differentiation [151, 154, 155].
	KDM5A	H3K4me3	Demethylation of H3K4me3 suppresses the dentin differentiation of DPSCs [156].
RNA methylation	METTL3	m6A	Regulating the proliferation, migration, differentiation, root formation, cell senescence, and apoptosis. Knockdown of METTL3 reduces the expression of inflammation-related factors and activation of signaling pathways induced by LPS [158/157, 159/158, 160/159].
RNA demethylation	METTL14	m6A	Expressing in PDLSCs [158/157].
	FTO	m6A	Expressing in PDLSCs [158/157].