Oral Cancer Stem Cell-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Promote M2 Macrophage Polarization and Suppress CD4⁺ T-Cell Activity by Transferring UCA1 and Targeting LAMC2

Figure 1

OSCC-CSC-derived sEVs (OSCC-CSC-sEVs) promote M2 polarization of macrophages. (a) CD133⁺CD44⁺ cell immunofluorescence staining synthesis map (left panel) and CD133^-CD44^- cell immunofluorescence staining synthesis map (right panel, 500×). (b) The formation of spheres, observed under an optical microscope (200×). (c) The sEVs derived from OSCC-CSCs, observed under a transmission electron microscope (10000×). (d) Determination of exosome diameter by nanoparticle tracking analysis. (e) Western blot analysis detecting the exosome surface markers CD81 and CD63. (f) The uptake of sEVs by macrophages, observed under a confocal fluorescence microscope (200×). (g) Detection of M2 macrophage markers (CD163, IL-10, and Arg-1) by RT-qPCR after coculture of macrophages and OSCC-CSC-sEVs. (h) Detection of CD206⁺CD11b⁺ M2 macrophages by flow cytometry after coculture of macrophages and OSCC-CSC-sEVs. . All cell experiments were repeated three times.

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