Oral Cancer Stem Cell-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Promote M2 Macrophage Polarization and Suppress CD4⁺ T-Cell Activity by Transferring UCA1 and Targeting LAMC2

Figure 6

Schematic overview of the mechanism. OSCC-CSC-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) transfer lncRNA UCA1, thus promoting M2 macrophage polarization via a LAMC2-mediated PI3K/AKT axis and further enabling cell migration and invasion of OSCC and modulating immunosuppression, partly by inhibiting CD4⁺ T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ production.