Tailored Extracellular Vesicles: Novel Tool for Tissue Regeneration

Table 1

Modified EVs in the therapy of neurological disorders.

Diseases	EV Sources	Specific substrates	Modification methods	Modified EVs	Biological effects	Ref.
SCI	BMSC	miR-26a	Cell transfection	miR-26a-EV	Axonal regeneration and less glial scarring	[24]
SCI	BMSC	miR-124-3p	Cell transfection	miR-124-3p-EV	M2 polarization; antiapoptosis	[23]
SCI	ADSC	lncGm37494	Cell transfection	lncGm37494-EV	M2 polarization	[25]
SCI	BMSC	GIT1	Cell transfection	GIT1-EV	Less glial scar formation; anti-inflammation and apoptosis	[26]
SCI	BMSC	Sonic hedgehog	Cell transfection	Shh-EV	Neuronal regeneration	[27]
SCI	BMSC	Fe3O4-treated BMSCs	Magnetic particles; extrusion	Mag-EMs	EMs accumulation at injured site; more therapeutic cargos packaging	[28]
SCI	UCB-MSC	Macrophage membrane-fused MSCs	Extrusion	MF-EMs	Targeting ability; anti-inflammation	[29]
SCI	hMSC	Peptide-modified hydrogel	Biomaterials	pGel-EV	Efficient retention and sustained release of EVs; nerve recovery	[30]
SCI	M2 macrophage	Berberine	Ultrasonic	Ber-EV	Targeted delivery; anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effect	[10]
SCI	HucMSC	PTX; BSP; linearly ordered collagen scaffolds	Incubation; extrusion anchor peptide; biomaterials	LOCS-BSP-PTX-EMs (LBMP)	High retention of EMs-PTX within scaffolds; neuron formation	[21]
Stroke	BMSC	miR-17-92	Cell transfection	miR-17-92þ-EV	Axon-myelin remodeling and electrophysiological recovery	[34]
Stroke	IPAS	circSHOC2	Cell transfection	circSHOC2-IPAS-EV	Antiapoptosis and less neuronal damage	[35]
Stroke	HEK293	NGF; RVG peptide	Cell transfection; fuse targeted peptide with LAMP2B	NGF-RVG-EV	Targeted delivery; anti-inflammation; cell survival	[36]
Stroke	BMSC	c(RGDyK) peptide; cholesterol-modified miR-210	Click chemistry; incubation	MiR-210-RGD-EV	Targeted delivery; angiogenesis	[39]
Stroke	BMSC	Fe3O4-harboring BMSCs	Magnetic nanoparticles; serial extrusion	Mag-EMs	Targeted delivery	[40]
Stroke	Macrophage	Edaravone	Incubation	Edv-EV	Improvement of Edv bioavailability and brain targeting; neuroprotection effect	[11]
PD	Murine DC	shRNA minicircles; RVG peptide	Electroporation; fuse RVG with LAMP2B	shRNA-MC-RVG-EV	Targeted delivery; less alpha-synuclein aggregation	[43]
PD	HEK293T	DNA aptamers; RVG peptide	Aptamer; fuse targeted peptide with LAMP2B	Apt-RVG-EV	Targeted delivery; less α-synuclein aggregates and motor impairments	[46]
PD	imDC	RVG peptide; curcumin; ANP; siSNCA	Self-assembly EV-like nanocomplex	C/ANP/S-REV	Targeted delivery; nanoscavenger” for clearing α-synuclein and less immune activation	[50]
PD	Serum	Dopamine	Incubation	DA-EV	More brain distribution of dopamine effects	[49]
PD	Mononuclear phagocyte	Catalase	Incubation; permeabilization; freeze-thaw cycles; sonication; extrusion	CAT-EV	Anti-inflammation	[48]
AD	HEK-293T and BMSC	miR-29b	Cell transfection	miR-29b-EV	Less the pathological effects of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide	[52]
AD	Plasma	Quercetin	Ultrasound incubation	Que-EV	Improvement of brain targeting and Que bioavailability	[55]
AD	Macrophage	Curcumin	Pretreated donor cells	Cur-EV	Improved bioavailability of cur; less phosphorylation of the tau protein	[51]