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Diseases | EV Sources | Specific substrates | Modification methods | Modified EVs | Biological effects | Ref. |
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SCI | BMSC | miR-26a | Cell transfection | miR-26a-EV | Axonal regeneration and less glial scarring | [24] |
SCI | BMSC | miR-124-3p | Cell transfection | miR-124-3p-EV | M2 polarization; antiapoptosis | [23] |
SCI | ADSC | lncGm37494 | Cell transfection | lncGm37494-EV | M2 polarization | [25] |
SCI | BMSC | GIT1 | Cell transfection | GIT1-EV | Less glial scar formation; anti-inflammation and apoptosis | [26] |
SCI | BMSC | Sonic hedgehog | Cell transfection | Shh-EV | Neuronal regeneration | [27] |
SCI | BMSC | Fe3O4-treated BMSCs | Magnetic particles; extrusion | Mag-EMs | EMs accumulation at injured site; more therapeutic cargos packaging | [28] |
SCI | UCB-MSC | Macrophage membrane-fused MSCs | Extrusion | MF-EMs | Targeting ability; anti-inflammation | [29] |
SCI | hMSC | Peptide-modified hydrogel | Biomaterials | pGel-EV | Efficient retention and sustained release of EVs; nerve recovery | [30] |
SCI | M2 macrophage | Berberine | Ultrasonic | Ber-EV | Targeted delivery; anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effect | [10] |
SCI | HucMSC | PTX; BSP; linearly ordered collagen scaffolds | Incubation; extrusion anchor peptide; biomaterials | LOCS-BSP-PTX-EMs (LBMP) | High retention of EMs-PTX within scaffolds; neuron formation | [21] |
Stroke | BMSC | miR-17-92 | Cell transfection | miR-17-92þ-EV | Axon-myelin remodeling and electrophysiological recovery | [34] |
Stroke | IPAS | circSHOC2 | Cell transfection | circSHOC2-IPAS-EV | Antiapoptosis and less neuronal damage | [35] |
Stroke | HEK293 | NGF; RVG peptide | Cell transfection; fuse targeted peptide with LAMP2B | NGF-RVG-EV | Targeted delivery; anti-inflammation; cell survival | [36] |
Stroke | BMSC | c(RGDyK) peptide; cholesterol-modified miR-210 | Click chemistry; incubation | MiR-210-RGD-EV | Targeted delivery; angiogenesis | [39] |
Stroke | BMSC | Fe3O4-harboring BMSCs | Magnetic nanoparticles; serial extrusion | Mag-EMs | Targeted delivery | [40] |
Stroke | Macrophage | Edaravone | Incubation | Edv-EV | Improvement of Edv bioavailability and brain targeting; neuroprotection effect | [11] |
PD | Murine DC | shRNA minicircles; RVG peptide | Electroporation; fuse RVG with LAMP2B | shRNA-MC-RVG-EV | Targeted delivery; less alpha-synuclein aggregation | [43] |
PD | HEK293T | DNA aptamers; RVG peptide | Aptamer; fuse targeted peptide with LAMP2B | Apt-RVG-EV | Targeted delivery; less α-synuclein aggregates and motor impairments | [46] |
PD | imDC | RVG peptide; curcumin; ANP; siSNCA | Self-assembly EV-like nanocomplex | C/ANP/S-REV | Targeted delivery; nanoscavenger” for clearing α-synuclein and less immune activation | [50] |
PD | Serum | Dopamine | Incubation | DA-EV | More brain distribution of dopamine effects | [49] |
PD | Mononuclear phagocyte | Catalase | Incubation; permeabilization; freeze-thaw cycles; sonication; extrusion | CAT-EV | Anti-inflammation | [48] |
AD | HEK-293T and BMSC | miR-29b | Cell transfection | miR-29b-EV | Less the pathological effects of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide | [52] |
AD | Plasma | Quercetin | Ultrasound incubation | Que-EV | Improvement of brain targeting and Que bioavailability | [55] |
AD | Macrophage | Curcumin | Pretreated donor cells | Cur-EV | Improved bioavailability of cur; less phosphorylation of the tau protein | [51] |
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