Tailored Extracellular Vesicles: Novel Tool for Tissue Regeneration

Table 4

Modified EVs in the therapy of cardiovascular related diseases.

Diseases	EV Sources	Specific substrates	Modification methods	Modified EVs	Biological effects	Ref.
MI	hMSC	lncRNA KLF3-AS1	Cell transfection	KLF3-AS1-EV	Antiapoptosis and pyroptosis	[89]
MI	BMSC	miR-210	Cell transfection	miR210-EV	Antiapoptosis effects	[90]
MI	BMSC	GATA-4	Cell transfection	GATA-4-EV	Antiapoptosis and promotion of cardiac function recovery	[99]
MI	CDC	CMP	Fuse targeted peptide with LAMP2B	CMP-EV	Higher cardiac EV retention; less apoptosis	[101]
MI	BMSC	Fe3O4-treated BMSCs	Magnetic particles; Extrusion	Mag-EM	Retention of EMs within infarcted heart; cardiac function recovery	[105]
MI	Rat serum	GMNPEC with anti-CD63 and anti-MLC antibody	Magnetic nanoparticles; antibody	GMNPEC–EV	Recruitment, transport, and targeted delivery of EVs; angiogenesis	[106]
MI	iCM	Hydrogel patch	Biomaterials	Patch-EV	Sustained delivery of EVs	[108]
AS	M2 Macrophage	HAL	Electroporation	HAL-EV	Excellent inflammation-tropism and anti-inflammation effects	[111]
AS	HucMSC	miR-145	Cell transfection	miR-145-EV	Inhibition of cell migration and atherosclerotic plaque	[110]
AS	HucMSC	HucMSC	Improved extrusion methods	FT/EM	Higher production yield of FT/EM; anti-inflammation	[112]