Tailored Extracellular Vesicles: Novel Tool for Tissue Regeneration

Table 8

Modified EVs in the therapy of musculoskeletal diseases.

Diseases	EV Sources	Specific substrates	Modification methods	Modified EVs	Biological effects	Ref.
Osteoporosis	BMSC	miR-935	Cell transfection	miR-935-EV	Osteoblast proliferation and differentiation	[151]
Osteoporosis	BMSC	miR-29a	Cell transfection	miR-29a-EV	Robust ability in angiogenesis and osteogenesis	[152]
Osteoporosis	ST	DNA aptamers targeting bone	Aptamer	Apt-ST-EV	Targeting delivery; osteoblastic differentiation	[155]
Osteoporosis	NIH-3T3 cell	CXCR4^+ EV and liposomes carrying antagomir-188	Hybrid nanovesicles	Antagomir-188-hybrid NV	Increase bone-targeting; alleviate bone loss	[158]
Osteoporosis	BMSC	circRNA Rtn4	Cell transfection	Rtn4-EV	Reduced cytotoxicity and apoptosis	[150]
OA	BMSC	miR-210	Cell transfection	miR-210-EV	Proliferation and antiapoptosis	[168]
OA	BMSC	miR-92a-3p	Cell transfection	miR-92a-3p-EV	Promote cartilage proliferation	[167]
OA	SMSC	miR-140-5p	Cell transfection	SMSC-140-EV	Enhance cell proliferation and migration without damaging ECM secretion	[169]
OA	Serum	ATF4	Electroporation	ATF4-EV	Inhibit chondrocyte apoptosis	[170]
OA	DC	MiR-140; CAP peptide	Electroporation; fuse targeted peptide with LAMP2B	miR-140-CAP-EV	Deliver miR-140 to deep cartilage regions and promote bone regeneration	[171]
OA	DC	KGN; E7 peptide	Electroporation; fuse targeted peptide with LAMP2B	KNG-E7-EV	Bone-targeting capability and higher cartilage differentiation	[173]
OA	HucMSC	ACECM scaffolds	Biomaterials	ACECM-EV	Sustained release of EVs; osteochondral regeneration	[174]
Fracture	ATDC5	VEGF; PCL-scaffolds; anchor peptide CP05	Cell transfection; anchor peptide; biomaterials	PCL-CP05-VEGF-EV	High grafting efficiency of EVs; osteogenic differentiation; angiogenesis	[183]
Fracture	hMSC	3D Ti-scaffolds	Biomaterials	Ti-scaffold-EV	Bone regeneration ability	[185]
Fracture	BMP2-treated macrophage	Titanium oxide nanotubes	Biomaterials	NT-BMP2-EV	Avoid ectopic bone formation; osteogenic differentiation	[186]
Fracture	BMSC	TA modified 3D porous SPEEK	Biomaterials	TA-SPEE-EV	Osteoimmunomodulation effect; sustained release of EVs; osseointegration	[190]
Fracture	hMSC	Noggin-suppressed hMSCs; MeGC hydrogel	Cell transfection; extrusion; biomaterials	H-OMN -EM	High yields of EM; robust bone regeneration	[184]
DMD	BMSC	IL6ST decoy receptors	Fuse interleukin receptor with EV protein	IL6ST-EV	Block IL6 transsignaling pathway	[194]
DMD	NIH3T3 cell	Myostatin propeptide	Fuse therapeutic peptide with CD63	Myostatin-EV	Increase delivery and propeptide stability	[192]