Mesenchymal Stem Cell-derived Exosomes: Novel Therapeutic Approach for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Figure 1

Biogenesis, composition, and uptake pathway of exosomes. (a) Exosomes were derived from the endosomal pathway. Extracellular biomaterial enters the cytoplasm through endocytosis pathway, then fuses with early endosome and develops into late endosome. Then, forms intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) containing vesicle structure in MVBs. When MVB fuses with lysosomes, it degrades the contents. When MVBs were transferred to plasma membrane resulting in the release of exosomes into the extracellular space. Endosomal sorting complex (ESCRT)-independent and dependent pathways required for exosome transport are involved in various stages of exosome formation. (b) Exosome components include proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and small molecules, as well as surface proteins. (c) Exosomes can exert their effects by binding to receptors present on the surface of target cells, or through endocytosis, membrane fusion, macrophage.