The Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Exosomes in Tumor Development and Targeted Antitumor Therapies

Table 5

Effect of MSC extracellular vesicles EVs/exosomes on tumors.

Cancer type	Source of MSC	In vivo/in vitro	Agents	Mechanism	Interacting cells	Results	References
Bladder cancer	UC-MSC-derived MVs	In vivo and in vitro	Unknown	Downregulated phosphorylation of Akt protein kinase and upregulated cleaved caspase 3	T24	Antiproliferation and proapoptosis	[92]
Hepatoma/Kaposi’s sarcoma/ovarian tumor	BM MSC-derived MVs	In vitro and in vivo	Unknown		HepG2 hepatoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, and Skov-3 ovarian tumor cell lines	Induced apoptosis and inhibit the growth	[93]
Multiple myeloma	Exosomes derived from normal BM MSCs	In vitro and in vivo	Unknown	miR-15a in exosomes derived from normal BM MSCs	Multiple myeloma cells	Inhibited the growth	[94]
Breast cancer	BM-MSC-derived exosomes	In vitro and in vivo	miR-16	miR-16 suttled by MSC-derived exosomes reduces the VEGF expression	Mouse breast cancer cell line (4T1)	Suppress angiogenesis	[95]
Breast cancer	BM MSCs EVs	In vitro and in vivo	miR-21 and miR-34a		MCF-7	Supported breast cancer cell proliferation and metastasis possibly by transferring miR-21 and miR-34a	[96]
Osteosarcoma and human gastric cancer	BM MSC exosomes	In vitro	Unknown	Activation of hedgehog signaling pathway	Osteosarcoma (MG63) and gastric cancer (SGC7901) cells	Promoted tumor growth.	[97]
Gastric cancer	BM-MSC-derived exosomes	In vivo	Unknown	Enhanced VEGF expression in tumor cells by activating the ERK1/2 pathway	SGC-7901 cells	MSC-exosomes promote tumor angiogenesis and cell proliferation in vivo	[98]
Breast cancer	AT-MSC-derived exosomes	In vitro	Unknown	Activation of the Wnt signaling pathway	MCF7	Promote migration	[99]
Acute myeloid leukemia	BM-MSC-derived exosomes	In vitro	miR-23b-5p	Inhibit the function and expression of TRIM14	THP-1	Induced the apoptosis	[100]

MSC: mesenchymal stem cells; UC-MSC: umbilical cord MSC; AT-MSC: adipose tissue MSC; BM-MSC: bone marrow MSC; EVs: extracellular vesicles; MVs: microvesicles.