| Author | Year | , study type | Risk factors |
| Musser et al. | 1994 | 562 patients, single center, retrospective series | AF, emergent operation, PVCs, intraop hypotension, ESRD | Goldstein et al. | 1998 | 1,160 patients, multicenter, retrospective administrative database | Female, age over 75, CHF | Rothwell et al. | 1999 | 2,060 patients, multicenter, prospective trial | Symptomatic status, DM, recent MI Plaque characteristics | Frawley et al. | 2000 | 1,000 patients, single center retrospective series | Female gender | Kresowik et al. | 2001 | 10,561 patients, retrospective chart review of medicare beneficiaries | Aspirin/ticlopidine use, heparin use, patch angioplasty | Tu et al. | 2003 | 6,038 patients, regional retrospective database | Symptomatic status, AF, contralateral occlusion, CHF, DM | Nicolaides et al. | 2005 | 1,115 patients, prospective clinical trial | Symptomatic status, degree of stenosis, creatinine |
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