The Need for Development of New HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors in the Aftermath of Antiviral Drug Resistance

Figure 1

Resistance map of HIV-1 integrase showing residues prone to mutate into resistance mutations and associated levels of resistance/susceptibility. For clarity, each position associated with resistance is labelled only once and the drug that was first reported to select for a particular mutation is stipulated. Key active site residues are indicated in blue. Levels of resistance shown in the figure as indicated by fold-change (FC) relative to wild-type are as follows: FC values < 1 are designated (−) and those between 1–3, 3–5, 5–10, 10–15, 15–20, and >20 are designated +, ++, +++, ++++, +++++, and ++++++, respectively. N-terminal domain (NTD), catatlytic core domain (CCD), C-terminal domain (CTD). Data were obtained from [223, 225, 226, 230, 232, 234, 246–250] as well as from the Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database [251].