Diabetes Technology: Markers, Monitoring, Assessment, and Control of Blood Glucose Fluctuations in Diabetes

Table 1

Frequency of available glucose monitoring technologies.

Measure	Temporal resolution	Reflects	Methods typically used to present and analyze the data
HbA1c	Months/years	Slow changes in average BG	Direct assay and review of values; group comparisons when treatments are evaluated
Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG)	Days/weeks	Daily variation; weekly trends	Mean and standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV), Interquartile range (IQR); 𝑀-value (1965), MAGE (1970); lability index (2004); low/high BG (risk) Indices (1998); average daily risk range (ADRR, 2006).
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)	Minutes/hours	System dynamics, fluctuation, and periodicity	CONGA (2005); glucose rate of Change & CGM versions of low/high BG (risk) indices (2005); time series/dynamical system analysis