Gastroparesis: Concepts, Controversies, and Challenges

Table 3

Commonly used antiemetics agents with targets and potential adverse effects.

Agent	Target	Comment side effects	Comments	Reference
Scopolamine	M1 receptor	Visual disturbances dry mouth	Cognitive impairment in the elderly	[162, 163]
		Drowsiness
		Urinary retention
		Constipation
Promethazine	H1 receptor	Sedation dystonia	Phenothiazine	[164]
			Prochlorperazine		D2 receptor	Sedation dystonia	Phenothiazine; Risk factor: dementia; Tardive dyskinesia	[165, 166]
Extrapyramidal motor dysfunction
Long QT syndrome
Trimethobenzamide	D2 receptor	Sedation	Phenothiazine	[165, 166]
		Dystonia
		Extrapyramidal motor dysfunction
Metoclopramide	D2 receptor	Sedation	Tardive dyskinesia	[120, 126, 128, 130]
		Extrapyramidal motor dysfunction
		Anxiety
Ondansetron and; granisetron	5-HT3 receptor	Headaches	Rare: QT prolongation	[167, 168]
		Constipation
Aprepitant	NK1 receptor	Constipation; Fatigue		[169, 170]
		Dronabinol and; nabilone			C1/2 receptor	Hypotension	Possible development of dependence	[171–173]
Somnolence
Dysphoria	Cannabinoid-induced hyperemesis
Psychosis

M₁ receptor: acetylcholine M₁ receptor antagonist; H₁ receptor: histamine H₁ receptor antagonist; D₂ receptor: dopamine D₂ receptor antagonist; 5-HT₃ receptor: serotonin 5-HT₃ receptor antagonist; NK₁ receptor: neurokinin NK₁ receptor antagonist; C_1/2 receptor: cannabinoid C_1/2 receptor agonist.