Cross-sectional (654 older adults from Rancho Bernardo Study)
U.S. (Caucasian) 55–96 years
Yes (I quartile < 32.0 nmol/L)
In this study, 25(OH)D was associated with geometric mean internal cIMT ( for trend = 0.02) but not CCA-IMT. Instead 1,25(OH)2D or PTH did not correlate with IMT.
Lower 25(OH)D levels inversely correlated with cIMT ( for trend < 0.05) also at multivariate analysis (). Similar findings were observed comparing patients with and without carotid atherosclerosis ().
Cross-sectional (625 healthy subjects from pSoBid study)
UK (not provided) 35–64
No (linear correlation)
There was no evidence of an association of increasing 25(OH)D with risk of plaque presence or cIMT in the whole group in univariate or adjusted models.
Longitudinal observational (3430 subjects with high CV risk)
Europe (not provided) Mean 64 years
No (<25 nmol/L)
25(OH)D correlated with CV risk factors but not with cIMT progression after 30 months follow-up.
ESRD: end-stage renal disease; CCA-IMT: common carotid artery intima-media thickness; cIMT: carotid intima-media thickness; TDM2: type 2 diabetes mellitus; PTH: parathyroid hormone; MCTD: mixed connective tissue disease; FLEMENGHO: Flemish Study on Environment, Genes and Health Outcomes; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence of interval; HAHC-CVD: Hawaii aging with HIV-cardiovascular; KLoSHA: Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging; pSoBid: psychological, social and biological determinants of ill health; LAPS: Lupus Atherosclerosis Prevention Study; and CV: cardiovascular.