Adaptive Evolution Coupled with Retrotransposon Exaptation Allowed for the Generation of a Human-Protein-Specific Coding Gene That Promotes Cancer Cell Proliferation and Metastasis in Both Haematological Malignancies and Solid Tumours: The Extraordinary Case of MYEOV Gene

Figure 2

From a noncoding sequence to MYEOV. Depicted is MYEOV transcript variant 2 (NM_138768) as described in Figure 1; illustrated are both the translatable ORFs (red horizontal bars) and the long uORF (dark-grey horizontal bar) present in the variant. Shown also are the average human-rhesus ratios calculated separately for MYEOV second and third exon coding DNA sequences. (a) Black, discontinuous, vertical lines point to precious trinucleotides of MYEOV sequence, referred to within the text. Appearing underlined, in red font, are the trinucleotides that demarcate MYEOV-313 coding sequence. Aligned below the human sequence are corresponding trinucleotides from MYEOV syntenic region in 11 primates. Bona fide pORFs in MYEOV orthologs are delimited by respective red font trinucleotides; out-of-frame stop codons are presented unaligned. Double-headed red arrow points to the de novo acquisition of MYEOV-255 start codon in Catarrhini. MYEOV-313 start signal is human-specific; an identical ATG trinucleotide appearing in marmoset syntenic region (underlined) is due to a parallel mutation. Double-headed black arrows are for the trinucleotides demarcating the primal 219nts long uORF that arose in Catarrhini. A black directional arrow points out the shortening of this long uORF in Hominines; an identical TGA trinucleotide occurring in squirrel monkey syntenic region (underlined) is likely due to a parallel mutation. Shown in the right flank is the size of the long uORF/pORF corresponding to each species. The sizes of the pORFs present in chimpanzee and Sumatran orangutan MYEOV orthologs (appearing in blue font) require decidedly additional validation due to the presence of ORF-shifting indels in the respective sequences. Blue asterisks for gibbon- and green monkey-specific indels that transmute the respective uORFs. Alignment gaps in bushbaby syntenic region were inserted for clarity. (b) Provided within boxes, numbered in accordance with the superscripts numbers appearing in (a), are syntenic alignments among various higher primates including the indels referred to in the text. With regard to the Cercopithecoidea-specific 14bp deletion, shown is only one of these species due to space limitations.