Effects of Cadmium and Zinc on the Gamete Viability, Fertilization, and Embryonic Development of Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus)

Table 1

Summary of viability assay on T. gratilla gametes treated with CdCl₂ and ZnSO₄.

	CdCl2		ZnSO4
	Sperm	Egg	Sperm	Egg
Normal	1 × 10^−4 M–1 × 10^−3 M	1 × 10^−4 M	1 × 10^−4 M	1 × 10^−4 M–5 × 10^−4 M
Apoptosis	5 × 10^−3 M–0.1 M	5 × 10^−4 M–0.1 M	5 × 10^−4 M–0.1 M	1 × 10^−3 M–0.1 M
Necrosis	0.5 M–1 M	0.5 M–1 M	0.5 M–1 M	0.5 M–1 M

Highest nongametotoxic concentrations.