Photomediated Larvicidal Activity of Pheophorbide a against Cercaria Larvae of Fasciola gigantica
Table 2
In vitro toxicity of extracted pheophorbide a in laboratory, sunlight, and different spectra of visible light conditions against cercaria larvae of Fasciola gigantica.
Exposure Period
Treatment
LC50 (mg/10 mL)
Limits LCL
Limits UCL
Slope Value
-ratio
-value
Heterogeneity
2 h
Pa-laboratory
1.38
0.83
3.30
1.69 ± 0.39
4.27
0.21
0.32
Pa-sunlight
0.74
0.52
1.53
1.25 ± 0.28
4.33
0.20
0.28
Pa-violet (400 nm)
1.53
0.94
5.64
1.64 ± 0.41
3.95
0.24
0.18
Pa-blue (475 nm)
0.84
0.49
5.54
0.81 ± 0.27
3.00
0.42
0.08
Pa-green (510 nm)
1.19
0.79
3.05
1.61 ± 0.37
4.35
0.20
0.34
Pa-yellow (570 nm)
1.19
0.79
3.05
1.61 ± 0.37
4.35
0.20
0.34
Pa-orange (590 nm)
0.56
0.39
1.09
1.01 ± 0.27
4.04
0.23
0.16
Pa-red (650 nm)
0.34
0.24
0.49
1.17 ± 0.26
4.40
0.19
0.45
Pa-white (400–650 nm)
0.43
0.34
0.58
1.61 ± 0.28
5.68
0.12
0.18
4 h
Pa-laboratory
1.36
0.84
5.44
1.31 ± 0.33
3.88
0.25
0.18
Pa-sunlight
0.42
0.31
0.64
1.22 ± 0.27
4.53
0.18
0.27
Pa-violet (400 nm)
1.36
0.83
5.13
1.30 ± 0.33
3.93
0.24
0.18
Pa-blue (475 nm)
0.31
0.25
0.55
1.09 ± 0.26
4.11
0.22
0.11
Pa-green (510 nm)
0.90
0.63
1.90
1.44 ± 0.31
4.55
0.18
0.14
Pa-yellow (570 nm)
0.58
0.40
1.25
1.03 ± 0.27
3.80
0.26
0.10
Pa-orange (590 nm)
0.40
0.30
0.59
1.27 ± 0.27
4.70
0.17
0.35
Pa-red (650 nm)
0.22
0.24
0.30
1.23 ± 0.26
4.67
0.17
0.34
Pa-white (400–650 nm)
0.30
0.21
0.40
1.35 ± 0.26
5.01
0.15
0.10
6 h
Pa-laboratory
1.26
0.77
4.87
1.21 ± 0.31
3.85
0.25
0.02
Pa-sunlight
0.24
0.14
0.33
1.13 ± 0.26
4.31
0.20
0.11
Pa-violet (400 nm)
1.33
0.79
5.63
1.97 ± 0.31
3.78
0.26
0.05
Pa-blue (475 nm)
0.31
0.20
0.47
1.00 ± 0.26
3.83
0.26
0.11
Pa-green (510 nm)
0.63
0.47
1.07
1.40 ± 0.29
4.80
0.16
0.20
Pa-yellow (570 nm)
0.37
0.27
0.53
1.27 ± 0.27
4.70
0.17
0.18
Pa-orange (590 nm)
0.32
0.23
0.44
1.27 ± 0.26
4.74
0.17
0.45
Pa-red (650 nm)
0.17
0.11
0.23
1.41 ± 0.26
5.25
0.13
0.29
Pa-white (400–650 nm)
0.21
0.15
0.27
1.51 ± 0.27
5.61
0.12
0.06
8 h
Pa-laboratory
0.85
0.52
3.9
0.89 ± 0.27
3.26
0.36
0.07
Pa-sunlight
0.14
0.07
0.19
1.33 ± 0.26
4.97
0.15
0.17
Pa-violet (400 nm)
1.25
0.76
4.89
1.20 ± 0.31
3.82
0.26
0.03
Pa-blue (475 nm)
0.24
0.13
0.35
0.96 ± 0.26
3.71
0.27
0.10
Pa-green (510 nm)
0.41
0.29
0.63
1.16 ± 0.26
4.34
0.20
0.24
Pa-yellow (570 nm)
0.27
0.19
0.37
1.28 ± 0.26
4.83
0.16
0.12
Pa-orange (590 nm)
0.21
0.14
0.28
1.32 ± 0.26
4.96
0.19
0.45
Pa-red (650 nm)
0.12
0.05
0.18
1.20 ± 0.26
4.53
0.19
0.28
Pa-white (400–650 nm)
0.14
0.09
0.19
1.51 ± 0.27
5.53
0.12
0.29
Pa: pheophorbide a. Six replicates of ten cercaria larvae were exposed to different concentrations of laboratory extracted Pa treatment under different light exposure and laboratory conditions. Mortality was recorded every 2 h interval. Concentration given is the final concentration (W/V) in the glass aquarium water. Significant negative regression () was observed between exposure time and LC50 of treatments. Ts: testing significance of the regression coefficient, Pa-lab: 3.70++, Pa-SL: 6.73+, Pa-violet: 20.9+, Pa-blue: 11.42++, Pa-green: 9.98+, Pa-yellow: 2.63++, Pa-orange: 9.47+, Pa-red: 8.14+, Pa-white:- 8.74++. +, linear regression between and . ++, nonlinear regression between log and log . LCL: lower confidence limits, UCL: upper confidence limits.
