Review Article
African Orphan Crops under Abiotic Stresses: Challenges and Opportunities
Table 3
Mechanisms of orphan crops tolerance to diverse abiotic stresses.
| Abiotic stress | Trait | Response to stress | Crop | Reference |
| Drought | Seed yield | High yield for drought-tolerant genotypes | Pearl millet | [29] | Flowering time | Adjust phenology to rainfall pattern | Pearl millet | [30] | Shoot length | Decreased under drought | Little millet | [31] | Root length | Increased under drought | Little millet | [31] | Leaf tensile strength | Increased in drought-tolerant plants | Tef | [32] | Water extraction | Less extraction before flowering; more extraction after flowering | Pearl millet | [29] | Chlorophyll content | Decreased under drought | Little millet | [31] |
| Waterlogging | Cellular structure | Aerenchyma formation | Sunflower | [33] | Formation of adventitious roots | Sorghum, finger millet | [34, 35] | Metabolism | Generation of antioxidants | Pigeon pea | [36] | Change to anaerobic metabolism | Finger millet | [37] | Plant height | Fast growth | Mung bean | [38] |
| Heat | Growth | Growth and nutrient uptake | Chickpea, Pearl millet | [39, 40] | Yield | Unknown | Cowpea | [41] |
| Cold and frost | Growth | Early flowering, protracted rosette | Faba bean | [42] | Early flowering | Sorghum | [43] |
|
|