Review Article

Vangueria madagascariensis Fruit Tree: Nutritional, Phytochemical, Pharmacological, and Primary Health Care Applications as Herbal Medicine

Table 5

Nutritional and phytochemical composition of Vangueria madagascariensis.

CompoundValueMethod of compound analysisPlant partReferences

Carbohydrates (%)14.6Seeds[16]
Fibre (%)14.0 ± 0.2Seeds[16]
Moisture (%)6.4 ± 0.1Seeds[16]
Protein (%)22.2 ± 0.3Seeds[16]
Total flavonoid content (mg RE/g fresh weight)6.7–9.0Leaves, fruits, and seeds[13]
Total phenolic content (mg GAE/g fresh weight)35.0–122.2Leaves, fruits, and seeds[13]
Total proanthocyanidins (mg CE/g fresh weight)42.5–185.7Leaves, fruits, and seeds[13]

Vitamin E
α-Tocopherol (mg/100 g)28.5–31.6GC/MS and HPLCKernel oil[16]
β-Tocopherol (mg/100 g)63.8–65.7GC/MS and HPLCKernel oil[16]
γ-Tocopherol (mg/100 g)4.7–5.1GC/MS and HPLCKernel oil[16]
δ-Tocopherol (mg/100 g)8.4–10.5GC/MS and HPLCKernel oil[16]

Alcohol
Cetyl alcoholNMRLeaves and stem bark[60]

Cyclitol
Ethyl-1-O-glucosyl-4-O-(E) caffeoyl quinateNMRLeaves and stem bark[60]

Flavonoid
Kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside-7-O-rutinosideNMRLeaves and stem bark[60]

Coumarin
EsculetinNMRLeaves and stem bark[60]

Phenolics
Chlorogenic acid (mg/100 g)1.0–1.2HPLC-DAD and MSLeaves and seeds[17]
Ferulic acid (mg/100 g)0.03–0.06HPLC-DAD and MSLeaves and seeds[17]
Gallic acid (mg/100 g)0.004–0.06HPLC-DAD and MSBark, leaves, and seeds[17]
Hydroxybenzoic acid (mg/100 g)0.03–0.05HPLC-DAD and MSLeaves and seeds[17]
p-Coumaric acid (mg/100 g)0.005–0.03GC, HPLC-DAD, MS, and NMRLeaves, seeds, stems, and stem bark[17, 60]
Protocatechuic acidNMRLeaves and stem bark[60]
ScopoletinNMRLeaves and stem bark[60]
Syringic acid (mg/100 g)0.007–0.21HPLC-DAD and MSBark, leaves, and seeds[17]
Vanillic acidNMRLeaves and stem bark[60]
Vanillin (mg/100 g)0.02–0.05HPLC-DAD and MSBark, leaves, and seeds[17]

Monomethyl ester
4,4-Dimethyl pimelate (%)0.1GC/MSLeaves and stems[60]
Methyl margarate (%)1.1GC/MSLeaves and stems[60]
Methyl myristate (%)3.1GC/MSLeaves and stems[60]
Methyl palmitate (%)44.7GC/MSLeaves and stems[60]
Methyl stearate (%)10.5GC/MSLeaves and stems[60]
Pentadecyl cyclohexanecarboxylate (%)2.2GC/MSLeaves and stems[60]

Fatty acids
9-Hexadecenoic acid (%)0.4GC/MSLeaves and stems[60]
9-Dodecenoic acid (%)0.2GC/MSLeaves and stems[60]
8,11-Octadecadienoic acid (%)8.9GC/MSLeaves and stems[60]
9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid (%)12.1GC/MSLeaves and stems[60]
11-Octadecenoic acid (%)0.1GC/MSLeaves and stems[60]
Arachidic acid (%)2.2–5.9GC, GC/MS, and HPLCKernel oil and leaves[16, 61]
Capric acid (%)3.7–4.1GC, GC/MS, and HPLCKernel oil[16]
Docosanoic acid (%)2.7GC/MSLeaves and stems[60]
Dodecanoic acid (%)0.2GC/MSLeaves and stems[60]
Eicosanoic acid (%)6.0GC/MSLeaves and stems[60]
Erucic acid (%)0.2–0.7GC/MS and HPLCKernel oil[16]
Heneicosanoic acid (%)0.9GC/MSLeaves and stems[60]
Hexadecadienoic acid (%)0.5GCLeaves[61]
Hexadecatrienoic acid (%)1.3GCLeaves[61]
Linolenic acid (%)0.4–43.7GC and GC/MSLeaves and stems[60, 61]
Linoleic acid (%)0.3–63.4GC, GC/MS, and HPLCKernel oil, leaves, and stems[16, 60, 61]
α-Linoleic acid (%)0.4–0.7GC/MS, HPLC, and GCKernel oil[16]
Myristic acid (%)0.9–2.1GC/MS, HPLC, and GCKernel oil and leaves[16, 61]
Nonanedioic acid (%)0.1GC/MSLeaves and stems[60]
Nonadecanoic acid (%)0.6GC/MSLeaves and stems[60]
Oleic acid (%)3.8–10.5GC, GC/MS, and HPLCKernel oil and leaves[16, 61]
Palmitic acid (%)9.7–20.9GC, GC/MS, HPLC, and NMRKernel oil, leaves, and stem bark[16, 60, 61]
Palmitoleic acid (%)1.0GCLeaves[61]
Pentadecanoic acid (%)0.1GC/MSLeaves and stems[60]
Pentacosanoic acid (%)0.2GC/MSLeaves and stems[60]
Stearic acid (%)5.1–9.4GC, GC/MS, and HPLCKernel oil and leaves[16, 61]
Tetracosanoic acid (%)1.6GC/MSLeaves and stems[60]
Tricosanoic acid (%)1.0GC/MSLeaves and stems[60]
trans-Hexadecenoic acid (%)1.7GCLeaves[61]

Sterols
Campesterol (%)22.7GC/MSKernel oil[16]
β-Sitosterol (%)45.2GC/MS and NMRKernel oil, leaves, and stem bark[16, 60]
β-Sitosterol acetateNMRLeaves and stem bark[60]
β-Sitosterol-5-β-O-glucosapranosideNMRLeaves and stem bark[60]
∆-5-avenasterol (%)1.4GC/MSKernel oil[16]
Lanosterin (%)5.6GC/MSKernel oil[16]
Cycloartenol (%)4.3GC/MSKernel oil[16]
(+)-24-Dammarene-3β-20S-diol (%)0.7GC/MSKernel oil[16]
Stigmasterol (%)20.1GC/MS and NMRKernel oil, leaves, and stem bark[16, 60]