Local Ecological Knowledge on Climate Change and Ecosystem-Based Adaptation Strategies Promote Resilience in the Middle Zambezi Biosphere Reserve, Zimbabwe

Table 1

Attributes of the study sites within the transition zone of the MZBR.

Attribute	Nyamakate Resettlement Area	Chundu Communal Area
Land use status	Planned Resettlement Area	Traditional Communal Area
Ownership	Government	Government
Management	Public	Public
Key stakeholders	Hurungwe Rural District Council	Hurungwe Rural District Council
Conservation initiatives
Year established	1980	1958
Size (ha)	110145	60753
Fauna	Domesticated animals	Domesticated animals
Flora	Dry savannah dominated by Miombo woodland	Dry savanna dominated by Miombo woodland
Climate	Marked seasonal annual rainfall 700–800 mm high means monthly temperatures approximately 40°C and average minimum temperatures are around 10°C
Human population	High (over 13000 small-scale subsistence farmers located in designated villages)	High (communal farmers in a typical rural setup villages)
Forms of tourism	Nonconsumptive tourism	Nonconsumptive tourism
Source of livelihoods for local communities	Semisubsistence agriculture, Communal Area Management Programme for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE)	Subsistence agriculture, CAMPFIRE
Human-wildlife conflicts	Human carnivore conflict	Human carnivore conflict

Source: Chimhowu and Hulme [32]; Mbereko et al. [33]; Madhekeni and Zhou [34].