S/n Plant name Plant part used Country Plasmodium species treated Solvent used for extraction Model Control Antiplasmodial activity Reference 1 Icacina senegalensis Leaf Nigeria P. berghei Methanol Swiss albino mice Chloroquine A dose-dependent chemosuppression of the parasites was observed at different dose levels of the extract tested with a considerable mean survival time [54 ] 2 Cymbopogon citratus Leaf Nigeria P. falciparum Aqueous Swiss albino rats Chloroquine Significant decrease of parasitaemia levels was observed in 120 mg/kg body weight treated group [55 ] 3 Azadirachta indica Leaf Ghana P. berghei Aqueous and ethanol BALB/c mice Distilled water (negative), artemether (positive) Chemosuppression of 69.65, 75.76, 78.32% (ethanol) and 64.42, 70.23, 77.41% (aqueous); artemether (86.77%) [56 ] 4 A. djalonensis, A. indica, C. cajan, C. cujete, L. inermis, L. alata, M. preussii, N. latifolia, O. subscorpioidea , and T. glaucescens Stem bark, leaf, and root Nigeria P. berghei Ethanol and aqueous Swiss albino mice Distilled water (negative) and chloroquine (positive) Optimum activity was recorded on day 4. The activity was highest with water extract of the recipe at 500 mg/kg [57 ] 5 Morinda lucida, Alstonia boonei, Curcuma longa Leaf Nigeria P. berghei Ethanol Swiss albino mice Sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (S-P), and quinine Chemosuppression of 39.8–90.5, 0.2–74.8, and 34.6–78.4% observed in MLE, ABE, and CLE [58 ] 6 Azadirachta indica Leaf Indonesia P. falciparum Ethanol The extract inhibited P. falciparum on mature schizont stage with IC50 of 3.86 μ g/ml after 32 h incubation [59 ] 7 Morinda lucida Leaf Nigeria P. berghei Dichloromethane-methanol Adult Swiss albino mice Chloroquine PPCPE was active against P. berghei NK65 in vivo , with 51.52% reduction in parasitaemia on day 4 after inoculation [60 ] 8 Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum canum, and Cymbopogon citratus Leaf Cameroon P. falciparum and mature-stage larvae of Anopheles funestus Human red blood cells in RPMI 1640 medium Giemsa-stained blood smear IC50 = 4.2 ± 0.5 l g/mL (C. citratus ), 20.6 ± 3.4 lg/mL (O. canum ) and 21 ± 4.6 lg/mL (O. basilicum ) [61 ] 9 Azadirachta indica Leaf Saudi Arabia P. berghei Ethanol Swiss albino mice Chloroquine and artemether Alcoholic extracts displayed no activity, ethanol extracts of neem displayed increased parasitaemia gradually from day 0 (5%, 5.1%, and 7.2%) to day 4, with mean parasitaemia of 53% [62 ] 10 Nauclea latifolia, Artocarpus altilis , Murraya koenigii, and Enantia chlorantha Stem bark, root, leaf Nigeria P. berghei Ethanol Berghei-infected mice Pyrimethamine and chloroquine Prophylactic and curative ED50 of 189.4 and 174.5 mg/kg for N. latifolia and chemosuppressive ED50 of 227.2 mg/kg for A. altilis [63 ] 11 Morinda lucida, Artemisia annua Leaf, stem bark Nigeria P. falciparum Ethanol Chloroquine MIC for chloroquine is 0.6 μ g/ml, M. lucida is 0.6 mg/ml, and A. Boonei is 0.2 mg/ml [64 ] 12 Cymbopogon citratus Whole plant Nigeria P. chabaudi AS or P. berghei ANKA CBA/Ca male mice Chloroquine As a prophylactic treatment, the whole plant exhibited higher antimalarial activity than either the herbal infusion or chloroquine [65 ] 13 Calotropis gigantea Leaf, stem, and flower India P. falciparum (3D7 strain) and P. berghei (ANKA)Methanol, ethyl acetate, and chloroform Infected BALB/c albino mice Chloroquine Methanolic extract of leaves showed highest antimalarial activity with IC50 value of 12.17 μ g/ml [66 ] 14 Cymbopogon citratus Leaf and root Nigeria P. berghei Aqueous Infected mice Chloroquine The aqueous leaf extracts have suppressive effect of 20.83%, 55.56%, and 80.56%, root extracts have 50.38%, 77.78%, and 100% [67 ] 15 Carica papaya and Vernonia amygdalina Leaf extracts Nigeria Chloroquine-sensitive P. berghei (Nk65) Aqueous Infected mice Halofantrine Significant [68 ] 16 Mangifera indica, Psidium guajava, Carica papaya, Cymbopogon citratus, Citrus sinensis, and Ocimum gratissimum Bark and leaf Cameroon P. falciparum Aqueous and ethanol 3% hematocrit in human red blood cells Chloroquine and artemisinin The derived EC50 (3D7/Dd2, g/mL) are nefang 96.96/55.08, MiB-65.33/34.58, MiL-82.56/40.04, Pg-47.02/25.79, Cp-1188/317.5, Cc-723.3/141s and og-778.5/118.9 [69 ] 17 Aloe megalacantha Leaf Ethiopia P. berghei Swiss albino mice Chloroquine Parasite suppression of day 1 (30.3%, 43.4%, and 56.4%), day 2 (32.3%, 51.3%, and 67.4%), day 3 (39.8%, 50.6%, and 64.2%), day 4 (52.6%, 69.4%, and 79.6%) was observed at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day [70 ] 18 Aloe vera Leaf India P. falciparum (MRC-2).Aqueous Chloroquine The EC50 of 0.289 to 1056 μ g/ml. The antiplasmodial EC50 of chloroquine was 0.034 μ g/ml and aloin and aloe-emodin was 67 μ g/ml and 22 μ g/ml, respectively [11 ] 19 Carica papaya Fruit rind and root Ethiopia P. berghei Pet ether, chloroform, and methanol Male Swiss albino mice Chloroquine Suppression of 61.78% was produced by pet ether fraction of C. papaya fruit rind, chloroform fraction of C. papaya root exhibited (48.11%), methanol fraction produced less effect [71 ] 20 Mangifera Indica Leaf Nigeria P. Berghei Aqueous Infected albino mice Artesunate The extract has a dose-dependent reducing effect on the level of parasitaemia [72 ] 21 Stemonocoleus micranthus Stem bark Nigeria P. berghei Hydromethanol Swiss albino mice Chloroquine (positive) Chemosuppressive effect ranged from 54.14 to 67.73% and 59.41 to 94.51% [73 ] 22 Lawsonia inermis, Tithonia diversifolia, and Chromolaena odorata Leaf Nigeria P. berghei ANKADichloromethane, methanol Swiss albino mice Chloroquine and artemisinin IC50 of 0.437 ± 0.02 mg/mL and 2.557 ± 0.19 mg/mL against D6 and W2, respectively [43 ] 23 Holarrhena antidysenterica and Azadirachta indica Leaves, stem, bark India P. berghei Aqueous Mycoplasma free male Swiss mice Chloroquine The parasitaemia increased gradually in all the groups, with the maximum in the control group (day 3–35, day 9–46.98) and minimum in chloroquine arm (day 3–14.06, day 9–19.92) [41 ] 24 Euphorbia hirta and Vernonia amygdalina Whole plant, leaves Nigeria P. berghei Ethanol Infected mice Camosunate, ACT ACT was slightly potent (>50%) against chloroquine-sensitive P. berghei [74 ] 25 Pseudocedrala kotschyi Leaf Nigeria P. berghei Ethanol Swiss Albino mice Chloroquine The leaf extract exhibited significant dose-dependent activity against the parasite in the suppressive and curative activity [75 ]
