Comprehensive Knowledge of HIV and AIDS among Ghanaian Adults from 1998 to 2014: A Multilevel Logistic Regression Model Approach

Table 4

Adjusted odds ratio of comprehensive knowledge of HIV and AIDS among Ghanaians (1998–2014).

Variable	1998		2003		2008		2014
	AOR	95% CI		AOR	95% CI		AOR	95% CI		AOR	95% CI
Region		L	U		L	U		L	U		L	U
Western	1.00			1.00			1.00			1.00
Central	0.65	0.38	1.10	0.93	0.69	1.25	1.82	1.40	2.35	1.34	0.99	1.82
Greater Accra	1.03	0.64	1.67	0.96	0.70	1.32	1.77	1.36	2.31	1.55	0.17	2.07
Volta	0.65	0.34	1.23	1.09	0.76	1.55	1.91	1.27	2.88	0.82	0.61	1.10
Eastern	0.76	0.48	1.22	1.07	0.78	1.48	1.24	0.92	1.66	0.94	0.71	1.24
Ashanti	0.69	0.43	1.10	1.13	0.86	1.49	1.30	1.04	1.64	0.87	0.68	1.12
Brong Ahafo	1.95	1.22	3.12	1.64	1.19	2.25	1.51	1.12	2.04	1.31	0.99	1.72
Northern	0.27	0.12	0.62	0.60	0.38	0.96	0.77	0.54	1.10	0.77	0.55	1.06
Upper East	2.01	0.99	4.09	2.65	1.71	4.10	2.31	1.58	3.40	1.29	0.94	1.76
Upper West	0.47	0.18	1.21	0.72	0.49	1.06	1.10	0.77	1.57	0.65	0.46	0.93
Ethnicity
Akan	1.00			1.00			1.00			1.00
Ga/Dangme	0.93	0.60	1.43	0.80	0.63	1.00	0.88	0.69	1.14	0.99	0.82	1.20
Ewe	1.05	0.67	1.37	0.82	0.65	1.03	0.81	0.66	0.99	0.92	0.78	1.09
Guan	1.03	0.37	2.86	1.72	1.25	2.37	1.07	0.69	1.65	0.86	0.62	1.20
Mole-Dagbani	1.50	0.81	2.75	1.12	0.84	1.49	1.06	0.81	1.38	0.92	0.76	1.12
Grusi	0.66	0.28	1.60	1.34	0.90	2.00	1.28	0.85	1.94	0.93	0.71	1.22
Gruma	1.52	0.71	3.27	0.85	0.54	1.34	0.74	0.42	1.30	0.59	0.44	0.79
Hausa	1.52	0.69	3.33	1.49	0.85	2.62	1.23	0.59	2.54	0.44	0.29	0.67
Others	0.73	0.38	1.43	1.09	0.77	1.53	1.05	0.77	1.44	0.74	0.53	1.03
Religion
No/other	1.00			1.00			1.00			1.00
Catholic	1.34	0.83	2.17	1.16	0.89	1.50	1.24	0.94	1.65	1.72	1.30	2.29
Anglican	2.37	0.89	0.63	1.78	1.02	3.10	1.63	0.97	2.76	1.86	1.11	3.12
Methodist	1.38	0.81	2.36	1.15	0.85	1.57	1.09	0.79	1.51	1.50	1.10	2.04
Presbyterian	1.18	0.69	2.01	1.03	0.76	1.38	1.38	1.00	1.90	1.84	1.35	2.52
Traditionalist	1.17	0.66	2.06	0.88	0.61	1.26	1.18	0.82	1.70	1.26	0.84	1.91
Other Christian	1.06	0.67	1.66	1.30	1.01	1.66	1.24	0.95	1.61	1.64	1.26	2.15
Muslim	1.17	0.66	2.08	1.03	0.76	1.39	1.21	0.88	1.66	1.93	1.43	2.59
Occupation		L	U		L	U		L	U		L	U
Not working	1.00			1.00			1.00			1.00
Working	1.23	0.92	1.65	0.79	0.68	0.92	1.15	0.98	1.35	0.95	0.85	1.07
Contraceptive
Not using	1.00			1.00			1.00			1.00
Using	1.75	1.40	2.19	1.30	1.16	1.47	1.04	0.92	1.18	1.01	0.91	1.11
Place of residence
Urban	1.00			1.00			1.00			1.00
Rural	1.15	0.87	1.51	0.61	0.52	0.72	0.76	0.65	0.88	0.87	0.77	0.99
Marital status
Never married	1.00			1.00			1.00			1.00
Married	1.41	1.00	2.01	0.99	0.84	1.18	1.07	0.89	1.29	1.00	0.87	1.16
Living together	1.62	1.07	2.43	1.10	0.85	1.43	1.14	0.92	1.42	0.78	0.65	0.92
Widowed	0.98	0.37	2.65	0.96	0.59	1.57	0.99	0.63	1.55	0.89	0.62	1.25
Divorced	2.29	1.32	3.96	0.82	0.58	1.16	1.09	0.76	1.55	1.01	0.75	1.35
Not together	2.33	1.39	3.92	1.03	0.78	1.36	0.93	0.66	1.29	0.74	0.57	0.95
Gender
Male	1.00			1.00			1.00			1.00
Female	1.37	1.04	1.80	0.92	0.81	1.05	0.86	0.75	0.98	0.88	0.78	1.00
Reads newspaper
No	1.00			1.00			1.00			1.00
Yes	2.00	1.55	2.58	1.41	1.22	1.63	1.09	0.95	1.26	1.02	1.09	1.44
Listens to radio
No	1.00			1.00			1.00			1.00
Yes	1.55	1.22	1.96	1.37	1.67	1.61	1.21	1.03	1.41	1.06	0.96	1.18
Watches Tv
No	1.00			1.00			1.00			1.00
Yes	1.42	1.13	1.78	1.10	0.96	1.25	1.34	1.19	1.52	1.09	0.98	1.22
Literacy		L	U		L	U		L	U		L	U
Reads easily	1.00			1.00			1.00			1.00
Difficulty in reading	0.47	0.12	1.78	0.52	0.44	0.62	0.66	0.56	0.78	0.58	0.50	0.68
Cannot read	0.39	0.11	1.41	0.53	0.48	0.67	0.51	0.43	0.60	0.42	0.37	0.49
Age of the respondent
15–19	1.00			1.00			1.00			1.00
20–24	0.92	0.63	1.34	1.26	1.05	1.50	1.29	1.07	1.56	1.42	1.23	1.64
25–29	0.81	0.53	1.25	1.29	0.91	1.40	1.37	1.10	1.71	1.84	1.53	2.22
30–34	0.71	0.44	1.14	1.06	0.82	1.37	1.32	1.01	1.72	1.88	1.52	2.34
35–39	0.82	0.52	1.29	0.93	0.72	1.21	1.13	0.86	1.48	1.72	1.39	2.13
40–44	0.60	0.54	1.01	1.27	0.97	1.68	1.04	0.77	1.40	1.64	1.29	2.08
45–49	0.88	0.52	1.50	1.01	0.77	1.33	0.96	0.72	1.28	1.53	1.20	1.95
50–54	0.45	0.17	1.17	0.97	0.67	1.40	0.88	0.60	1.27	1.89	1.34	2.65
55–59	0.85	0.33	2.19	0.79	0.51	1.24	0.80	0.51	1.24	1.34	0.90	2.00
Age of the HH head
<20	1.00			1.00			1.00			1.00
20–29	2.26	0.86	5.95	1.15	0.81	2.91	0.89	0.57	1.39	1.37	0.77	2.43
30–39	2.04	0.79	5.31	1.49	0.78	2.82	0.86	0.56	1.32	1.22	0.69	2.14
40–49	1.48	0.57	3.83	1.35	0.72	2.54	0.87	0.57	1.33	1.21	0.69	2.10
50–59	2.18	0.85	5.60	1.75	0.92	3.33	1.03	0.68	1.57	1.24	0.71	2.18
60–69	1.35	0.50	3.62	1.31	0.68	2.51	0.84	0.54	1.30	1.26	0.71	2.23
70–79	1.99	0.71	5.55	1.39	0.72	2.68	0.78	0.49	1.25	1.11	0.60	2.05
Above 80	1.93	0.45	8.34	1.28	0.61	2.68	0.68	0.34	1.35	1.51	0.75	3.04
Education
No education	1.00			1.00			1.00			1.00
Primary	1.07	0.68	1.68	0.90	0.76	1.07	1.23	1.01	1.50	1.33	1.11	1.59
Secondary	0.76	0.20	2.79	1.47	1.22	7.79	1.70	1.38	2.09	1.70	1.41	2.05
Higher	1.55	0.41	5.88	2.80	2.05	3.84	3.67	2.69	5.00	3.56	2.81	4.50
Constant	0.02	0.00	0.09	0.27	0.13	0.57	0.23	0.13	0.41	0.21	0.08	0.29
ICC
Clust no.	0.07	0.04	0.12	0.06	0.04	0.08	0.06	0.04	0.08	0.06	0. 05	0.08
Clust no. > HH no.	0.19	0.10	0.34	0.13	0.10	0.17	0.11	0.08	0.16	0.09	0.06	0.14

Note. , , , OR = odds ratio,  = probability value, Cl = confidence interval, U = upper limit, L = lower limit.