Prevalence and Determinants of Exclusive Breastfeeding Practice among Mothers of Children Aged 6–24 Months in Hail, Saudi Arabia

Table 2

Bivariate analysis of factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) practice among mothers in Hail city, Saudi Arabia, 2019.

Variables	Exclusive breastfeeding		OR (95% CI)	value
	Yes (n = 266; 50.7%)	No (n = 220; 49.3%)
Sociodemographic characteristics of the mother
Mother’s age (years)
<25	71(65.1)	38 (34.9)	1.00 [ref]	0.005
25–29	56 (44.8)	69 (55.2)	0.43 (0.26–0.74)	0.002
30–39	57 (44.5)	71 (55.5)	0.43 (0.25–0.73)	0.002
40+	42 (50.0)	42 (50.0)	0.54 (0.30–0.96)	0.035
Mother’s education
Illiterate	14 (53.8)	12 (46.2)	1 [ref]	0.033
Primary	12 (54.5)	10 (45.5)	1.03 (0.33–3.22)	0.961
Middle	23 (38.3)	37 (61.7)	0.53 (0.21–1.35)	0.185
Secondary	59 (44.0)	75 (56.0)	0.67 (0.29–1.57)	0.360
University/higher	118 (57.8)	86 (42.2)	1.18 (0.52–2.67)	0.698
Mother’s employment status
Working	76 (56.3)	59 (43.7)	1 [ref]	0.005
Housewife	119 (44.9)	146 (55.1)	0.63 (0.42–0.96)	0.032
Student	31 (67.4)	15 (32.6)	1.60 (0.79–3.24)	0.188
Family income (SR)
<3000	14 (93.3)	1 (6.70)	1 [ref]
3000–4999	26 (48.1)	28 (51.9)	0.07 (0.01–0.54)	0.011
5000–9999	65 (44.2)	82 (55.8)	0.06 (0.01–0.44)	0.006
10000–14999	89 (53.0)	79 (47.0)	0.08 (0.01–0.63)	0.016
≥15000	32 (51.6)	30 (48.4)	0.08 (0.01–0.62)	0.016
Obstetric history and health service-related factors
No. of pregnancies
<3	37 (55.2)	30 (44.8)	1 [ref]
3-4	139 (53.9)	119 (46.1)	0.95 (0.55–1.63)	0.844
5+	46 (40.7)	67 (59.3)	0.56 (0.30–1.02)	0.060
No. of children under 5 years
≤1	123 (55.2)	100 (44.8)	1 [ref]
≥2	103 (46.2)	120 (53.8)	0.70 (0.48–1.01)	0.059
History of breastfeeding the previous child
Yes	79 (63.7)	113 (40.1)	2.63 (1.70–4.06)	<0.001
No	45 (36.3)	169 (59.9)
Information about the child under investigation
Facility where antenatal care received
Governmental	210 (54.3)	177 (45.7)	3.19 (1.74–5.86)	<0.001
Private	16 (27.1)	43 (72.9)
No. of antenatal visits
<3	37 (55.2)	30 (44.8)	1 [ref]
3-4	139 (53.9)	119 (46.1)	0.95 (0.55–1.63)	0.844
5+	46 (40.7)	67 (59.3)	0.56 (0.30–1.02)	0.060
Breastfeeding counseling received during antenatal care visits
Yes	184 (53.3)	161 (46.7)	1.58 (1.01–2.48)	0.046
No	42 (42.0)	58 (58.0)	1 [ref]
Place of delivery
Governmental hospital	206 (51.8)	192 (48.2)	1.68 (0.87–3.23)	0.120
Private hospital	16 (39.0)	25 (61.0)	1 [ref]
Mode of delivery
CS	12 (42.9)	16 (57.1)	1 [ref]
Normal delivery	213 (51.1)	204 (48.9)	1.39 (0.64–3.02)	0.401
Sex of the child
Male	118 (50.2)	117 (49.8)	1 [ref]
Female	108 (51.2)	103 (48.8)	1.04 (0.72–1.51)	0.838
Birth order of the child
First born	62 (58.5)	44 (41.5)	1 [ref]
Second born	59 (56.2)	46 (43.8)	0.91 (0.53–1.57)	0.736
Third and above	105 (44.7)	130 (55.3)	0.57 (0.36–0.91)	0.019
Breastfeeding counseling received immediately after delivery
Yes	199 (56.2)	155 (43.8)	3.34 (2.01–5.54)	<0.001
No	25 (27.8)	56 (72.2)	1 [ref]
Initiation of breastfeeding
1^st hour	71 (67.0)	35 (33.0)	2.42 (1.53–3.83)	<0.001
>1 hour	155 (45.6)	185 (54.4)	1 [ref]
Received colostrum
Yes	204 (59.6)	138 (40.4)	5.51 (3.28–9.25)	<0.001
No	22 (21.2)	82 (78.8)	1 [ref]
Prelacteal feeding
Yes	100 (44.8)	123 (55.2)	1 [ref]	0.016
No	125 (56.3)	97 (43.7)	1.59 (1.09–2.30)
Postnatal follow-up during puerperium
Yes	149 (62.3)	35 (29.4)	3.97 (2.48–6.38)	<0.001
No	90 (37.7)	84 (70.6)	1 [ref]
Awareness and knowledge about breastfeeding
Heard about EBF
Yes	77 (63.1)	143 (44.1)	2.17 (1.41–3.32)	<0.001
No	45 (36.9)	181 (55.9)	1
Know the meaning of EBF
Breastfeeding only	185 (51.5)	174 (48.5)	1.19 (0.75–1.91)	0.460
Other options	41 (47.1)	46 (52.9)	1
What should be done with the colostrum
Should be given	193 (57.8)	141 (42.2)	3.28 (2.07–5.20)	<0.001
Should be discarded	33 (29.5)	79 (70.5)	1