Research Article
Determination of Total Phenolics, Flavonoids, and Antioxidant Activity and GC-MS Analysis of Malaysian Stingless Bee Propolis Water Extracts
Table 5
Major compounds detected in stingless bee propolis water extracts using GC-MS analysis.
| Compound | Propolis | H. fimbriata | T. apicalis | T. binghami |
| Terpenoid | Germacrene D | + | − | − | Isolongifolol | + | − | − | Phorbol | + | − | − | α-Eudesmol | − | + | − | Isoaromadendrene epoxide | − | − | + |
| Sugar | D-Fructose | + | + | + | d-Galactose | + | + | + | α-D-Glucopyranoside | + | − | − | α-D-Galactopyranoside | + | − | − | d-Ribose | − | + | − | d-Glucose | − | + | − | D-Glucose | − | + | + | α-D-Mannopyranoside | − | + | − | Glycoside | − | + | − | Hexopyranose | − | + | + | α-D-Glucofuranoside | − | − | + |
| Carboxylic acid | α-Linolenic acid | + | − | − | Tricosadiynoic acid | + | − | − | Octadecatrienoic acid | + | − | − | Butanedioic acid | − | + | − | Propanoic acid | − | + | − | Cyclohexene | − | + | − |
| Sugar alcohol | Arabinitol | + | + | + | Ribitol | + | + | + | Arabitol | − | + | + | D-Glucitol | − | − | + |
| Hydrocarbon | Silane | − | − | + | Butane | − | − | + |
| Aldehyde | Dioxolane-4-carboxaldehyde | − | − | + | Cyclohex-1-en-1-carboxaldehyde | − | − | + |
| Amino acid | Pyroglutamic acid | − | + | − |
| Others | Trimethylsilyl ether of glycerol | + | + | + | 3,8-Dioxa-2,9-disiladecane | + | | + | Silanol | − | + | − | 2-Mono-isobutyrin | − | − | + |
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