Emerging Herbal Cosmetic Production in Sri Lanka: Identifying Possible Interventions for the Development of the Herbal Cosmetic Industry

Table 1

Plant species used in commercialized herbal cosmetic products in Sri Lanka.

No.	Family	Scientific name	English name	Vernacular name	Plant part(s)	Availability	Source	Product category(s)	Frequency index
1	Acanthaceae	Justicia adhatoda L.	Malabar nut	Adathoda	Leaves	Sufficient	Local	Oral care	18.18
2	Amaranthaceae	Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br.ex DC.	Sessile joyweed	Mugunuwenna	Whole plant	Sufficient	Local	Hair care	45.45
3	Anacardiaceae	Mangifera indica L.	Mango	Amba	Fruit	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	18.18
4	Apiaceae	Daucus carota L.	Carrot	Carrot	Root	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	27.27
5		Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.	Pennywort	Gotukola	Whole plant	Sufficient	Local	Skin care, hair care	54.55
6	Apocynaceae	Plumeria obtusa L.	Singapore graveyard flower	Araliya	Flower	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	9.09
7		Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br.ex Schult.	Indian sarsaparilla	Iramusu	Whole plant	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	27.27
8	Arecaceae	Cocos nucifera L.	Coconut	Pol	Fruit	Sufficient	Local	Skin care, hair care	27.27
9		Cocos nucifera L.	King coconut	Thambili	Fruit	Sufficient	Local	Hair care	9.09
10	Aristolochiaceae	Aristolochia bracteolata Lam.	Warm killer	Sapsanda	Root	Sufficient	Local	Oral care	9.09
11	Asparagaceae	Asparagus falcatus L.	Sickle thorn	Hathawariya	Whole plant	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	9.09
12	Asphodelaceae	Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.	Aloe	Komarika	Leaf gel	Sufficient	Local	Skin care, hair care	90.91
13	Asteraceae	Bellis perennis L.	Daisy	Daisy	Flower	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	9.09
14		Genus Tagetes	Marigold	Daspethiya	Flower	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	9.09
15		Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less.	Ironweed	Monarakudumbiya	Whole plant	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	9.09
16		Genus Helianthus	Sunflower	Suryakantha	Seed	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	18.18
17		Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch	Costus	Suwanda Kottam	Stem	Sufficient	Local	Skin care, hair care	36.36
18		Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.	False daisy	Keekirindiya	Whole plant	Sufficient	Local	Hair care	54.55
19	Calophyllaceae	Mesua ferrea L.	Iron wood	Na	Flower stamen	Insufficient	Local	Skin care	18.18
20	Caricaceae	Carica papaya L.	Papaya	Gaslabu	Fruit, leaves	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	27.27
21	Celastraceae	Kokoona zeylanica Thwaites		Kokum	Bark	Insufficient	Local	Skin care	72.73
22	Clusiaceae	Garcinia quaesita Pierre	Red mango	Rath goraka	Bark, fruit rind	Sufficient	Local	Skin care, oral care	18.18
23	Combretaceae	Terminalia chebula Retz.	Chebulic myrobalan	Aralu	Fruit	Sufficient	Local	Oral care, hair care	45.45
24		Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.	Beleric myrobalan	Bulu	Seed	Sufficient	Local	Hair care	9.09
25	Cucurbitaceae	Cucumis sativus L.	Cucumber	Pipinga	Fruit	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	36.36
26	Cyperaceae	Cyperus rotundus L.	Nut grass	Kalanduru	Tuber	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	18.18
27	Dilleniaceae	Dillenia retusa Thunb.		Godapara	Fruit	Insufficient	Local	Hair care	18.18
28	Dipterocarpaceae	Vateria copallifera (Retz.) Alston		Haldummala	Fruit	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	9.09
29	Elaeocarpaceae	Elaeocarpus serratus L.	Ceylon olive	Veralu	Leaves	Sufficient	Local	Hair care	18.18
30	Euphorbiaceae	Ricinus communis L.	Castor	Erandu	Leaves	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	9.09
31		Croton aromaticus L.		Wel keppetiya	Leaves	Sufficient	Local	Hair care	9.09
32	Fabaceae	Cassia fistula L.	Golden shower tree	Ehela	Leaves	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	9.09
33		Erythrina variegata L.	Coral tree	Erabadu	Leaves	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	9.09
34		Senna alata (L.) Roxb.	Emperor's candlesticks	Eththora	Leaves	Sufficient	Local	Skin care, hair care	36.36
35		Cicer arietinum L.	Chick pea	Kadala	Seed	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	9.09
36		Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre	Indian beech	Karanda	Bark	Sufficient	Local	Oral care	9.09
37		Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers.	Vegetable hummingbird	Kathurumurunga	Leaves	Sufficient	Local	Hair care	9.09
38		Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers.	Purple tephrosia	Kathurupila/Pila	Root	Sufficient	Local	Oral care	18.18
39		Adenanthera pavonina L.	Red lucky seed	Madatiya	Leaves	Sufficient	Local	Hair care	45.45
40		Indigofera tinctoria L.	Indigo blue	Nil–awari	Leaves	Sufficient	Local	Hair care	54.55
41		Cassia auriculata L.	Mature tea tree	Ranwara	Flower	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	9.09
42		Pterocarpus santalinus L.f.	Red sandalwood	Rath Handun	Heartwood	Sufficient	Import	Skin care, hair care	18.18
43		Trigonella corniculata Sibth. & Sm.	Sickle-fruit fenugreek	Siyakka	Seed	Sufficient	Local	Hair care	18.18
44		Tamarindus indica L.	Tamarind	Siyambala	Seed	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	18.18
45		Trigonella foenum-graecum L.	Fenugreek	Uluhal	Seed	Sufficient	Local	Hair care	36.36
46		Phaseolus mungo L.	Black gram	Undu	Seed	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	9.09
47		Glycyrrhiza glabra L.	Liqourice	Walmee	Root	Sufficient	Import	Skin care, hair care, oral care	54.55
48	Lamiaceae	Ocimum tenuiflorum L.	Tulsi	Heen Maduruthala	Leaves	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	18.18
49		Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng.	Country borage	Kapparawalliya	Leaves	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	9.09
50	Lauraceae	Persea americana Mill.	Avocado pear	Aligata pera	Fruit	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	18.18
51		Cinnamomum verum J.Presl	Cinnamom	Kurundu	Bark	Sufficient	Local	Skin care, hair care, oral care	36.36
52	Loganiaceae	Strychnos potatorum L.f.	Clearing-nut tree	Ingini	Seed	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	9.09
53	Lythraceae	Punica granatum L.	Pomegranate	Delum	Leaves, fruit rind	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	18.18
54		Lawsonia inermis L.	Henna	Marathondi	Leaves	Sufficient	Local	Hair care	18.18
55	Malvaceae	Thespesia populnea (L) Sol.ex Correa	Portia tree	Gansooriya	Leaves, bark	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	18.18
56		Theobroma cacao L.	Cocoa	Kokova	Seed	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	9.09
57		Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.	China rose	Pokuru wada	Flower	Sufficient	Local	Hair care	27.27
58		Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.	Musk mallow	Kapu kinissa	Seed	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	9.09
59		Sida cordata (Burm.f.) Borss.Waalk.	Heart leaf sida	Wel babila	Leaves, stem	Sufficient	Local	Skin care, hair care	9.09
60	Melastomataceae	Osbeckia octandra DC.		Heenbowitiya	Flower	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	9.09
61	Meliaceae	Azadirachta indica A.Juss.	Neem	Kohomba	Bark, leaves	Sufficient	Local	Skin care, hair care	72.73
62	Menispermaceae	Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers	Heart leaved mooseed	Rasakinda	Stem	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	9.09
63		Coscinium fenestratum (Goetgh.) Colebr	Calumba wood	Weni wel	Stem	Insufficient	Local	Skin care	90.91
64	Molluginaceae	Mollugo cerviana (L.) Ser.	Threadstem carpetweed	Pathpadagam	Whole plant	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	9.09
65	Moraceae	Ficus religiosa L.	Sacred fig	Bo	Bark	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	9.09
66		Morus alba L.	Silkworm mulberry	Mulberry	Fruit	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	9.09
67		Ficus benghalensis L.	Banyan tree	Nuga	Bark	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	9.09
68		Ficus racemosa L.	Cluster fig tree	Attikka	Bark	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	9.09
69	Moringaceae	Moringa oleifera Lam.	Drumstick tree	Murunga	Seed, leaves	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	18.18
70	Myristicaceae	Myristica fragrans Houtt.	Nutmeg	Sadhikka	Seed	Sufficient	Local	Hair care	9.09
71	Myrtaceae	Caryophyllus aromaticus L.	Clove	Karabu	Flower buds	Sufficient	Local	Skin care, oral care	54.55
72		Eucalyptus globulus Labill.	Tasmanian bluegum	Karupantine	Leaves	Sufficient	Local	Oral care	9.09
73		Melaleuca leucadendra (L.) L.	Cajuput tree	Lothsumbulu	Bark	Insufficient	Local	Skin care	18.18
74		Psidium guajava L.	Guava	Pera	Leaves	Sufficient	Local	Hair care	18.18
75	Nelumbonaceae	Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.	Lotus	Nelum	Flower stamen	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	27.27
76	Nymphaeaceae	Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f	Blue water lily	Nil-manel	Flower stamen	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	9.09
77	Oleaceae	Olea europaea L.	Olive	Olive	Fruit	Sufficient	Import	Skin care, hair care	27.27
78		Jasminum grandiflorum L.	Jasmine	Saman Pichcha	Flower	Sufficient	Local	Skin care, hair care	36.36
79	Pandanaceae	Pandanus tectorius Parkinson ex Du Roi	Tahitian screwpine	Watakeyya	Prop roots	Sufficient	Local	Hair care	9.09
80	Passifloraceae	Passiflora edulis Sims	Passion	Wel dodam	Fruit	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	18.18
81	Pedaliaceae	Sesamum indicum L.	Sesame	Thel - thala	Seed	Sufficient	Local	Skin care, hair care	45.45
82	Phyllanthaceae	Phyllanthus emblica L.	Emblic myrobalan	Nelli	Fruit	Sufficient	Local	Skin care, hair care	63.64
83	Pinaceae	Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) G.Don	Himalayan cedar	Dewadara	Heartwood	Sufficient	Import	Skin care	9.09
84	Piperaceae	Piper nigrum L.	Black pepper	Gammiris	Seed	Sufficient	Local	Oral care	18.18
85	Plantaginaceae	Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst.	Water hyssop	Lunuwila	Whole plant	Insufficient	Local	Skin care, hair care	27.27
86	Poaceae	Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle	Citronella grass	Heen pengiri	Whole plant	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	9.09
87		Oryza sativa L.	Red rice	Rathu hal	Bran	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	9.09
88		Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf	Lemon grass	Sera	Whole plant	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	18.18
89		Saccharum officinarum L.	Sugarcane	Uk	Stem	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	18.18
90		Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash	Khas-khas	Savandara	Root	Sufficient	Local	Hair care	36.36
91	Pontederiaceae	Monochoria vaginalis (Burm.f.) C.Presl		Diyahabarala	Root	Sufficient	Local	Hair care	9.09
92	Rosaceae	Prunus armeniaca L.	Apricot	Apricot	Seed	Sufficient	Import	Skin care	18.18
93		Rosa alba L.	Rose	Rosa	Flower	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	27.27
94		Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne	Strawberry	Strawberry	Fruit	Sufficient	Import	Skin care	18.18
95	Rubiaceae	Coffea arabica L.	Coffee	Kopi	Seed	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	9.09
96		Ixora coccinea L.	Flame of the woods	Rath mal	Flower	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	9.09
97		Rubia cordifolia L.	Indian maddar	Valmadata	Root	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	27.27
98	Rutaceae	Acronychia pedunculata (L.) Miq.	Claw flowered laure	Ankenda	Leaves	Sufficient	Local	Hair care	18.18
99		Ruta chalepensis L.	Garden rue	Aruda	Leaves	Sufficient	Local	Skin care, hair care	18.18
100		Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa	Bael fruit tree	Beli	Fruit	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	9.09
101		Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle	True lime	Dehi	Fruit, fruit rind	Sufficient	Local	Skin care, hair care	54.55
102		Citrus × sinensis	Orange	Dodam	Fruit, fruit rind	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	27.27
103		Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck	Lemon	Lemon	Fruit, fruit rind	Sufficient	Local	Skin care, hair care	27.27
104		Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck	Sweet orange	Pani dodam	Fruit, fruit rind	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	9.09
105	Santalaceae	Santalum album L.	Sandalwood	Suduhandun	Heartwood	Insufficient	Import	Skin care	90.91
106	Sapindaceae	Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.	Soap nut	Gas penela	Fruit	Sufficient	Local	Hair care	9.09
107		Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Merr.	Ceylon oak	Kon	Seed	Sufficient	Local	Hair care	18.18
108	Sapotaceae	Mimusops elengi L.	Bullet wood tree	Munamal	Bark	Sufficient	Local	Oral care	36.36
109	Solanaceae	Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal	Indian ginseng	Amukkara	Root	Sufficient	Import	Skin care	27.27
110	Theaceae	Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze	Tea	Thae	Tender leaves	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	18.18
111	Zingiberaceae	Curcuma zedoria (Christm.) Roscoe	Zedoary	Harankaha	Rhizome	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	9.09
112		Zingiber officinale Roscoe	Ginger	Inguru	Rhizome	Sufficient	Local	Skin care, oral care	18.18
113		Curcuma longa L.	Turmeric	Kaha	Rhizome	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	54.55
114		Curcuma aromatica Salisb.	Wild turmeric	Kasthuri kaha	Rhizome	Sufficient	Local	Skin care	54.55
115		Alpinia malaccensis (Burm.f.) Roscoe		Rankihiriya	Flower bud	Sufficient	Local	Oral care	9.09