|
| Age (years) | Aging effects | Exercise/physical activity | Beneficial of exercise/Physical activity | References |
|
| Cardiovascular disease |
| 64 ± 7.1 (coronary heart disease patient) | ↑ CRP
↑HDL cholesterol
↑ LDL cholesterol
↑ Triglycerides | 12-week aerobic exercise training program at 70–80% of individual maximal heart rate
(continuous exercise on treadmill, stationary bicycle, arm bicycle, rowing machine, or a combination of these activities for 40 min/time) | ↓ CRP
↓ HDL cholesterol
↓ LDL cholesterol
↓ Triglycerides | E. Goldhammer et al. 2005 [89] |
| 45.44 ± 11.26 (heart failure patient) | ↑ IL-6
↑ sTNFR1 | 3–7-day interval with
(1) moderate-intensity walk, with 60% of the peak heart rate achieved at the CPET in 30 min (M30)
(2) low-intensity walk, with 40% of the peak heart rate achieved at the CPET heart rate corresponding to 40% of VO2 peak in 30 min (L30) | ↓ IL-6 (1 h after exercise for L30)
↓ sTNFR1 (1 h after exercise for M30) | G. A. Ribeiro-Samona et al. 2017 [90] |
| >18 years old (cardiovascular disease) | ↔ IL-1β
↑ IL-6
↑ TNF-α
↔ IL-8
↑ IL-25
↑ Adam17 | Five daily sessions of cycling for 3 weeks
Each session was performed at 70% HRmax for at least 30 minutes (the sessions duration increased by ten minutes every three days, up to 50 minutes twice a day) | ↔ IL-1β
↓ IL-6
↓ TNF-α
↔ IL-8
↓ IL-25
↓ ADAM17 | V. Racca et al. 2020 [91] |
|
| Hypertension |
67.8 ± 4.3 (aerobic group, AG)
67.8 ± 5.2 (resistance and aerobic group, RAG) 69.9 ± 5.5 (control group, CG) (hypertension) | ↑ IL-6
↑ TNF-α | Training lasted 10 weeks, with sessions held three times a week
(AG: treadmill test with 50–70% VO2max)
(RAG: trained with intensities of 50–60% 1RM;
(1) leg press 45°,
(2) chest press,
(3) leg extension,
(4) lat pull down,
(5) leg curl,
(6) pulley upright row,
(7) seated calf raise,
(8) machine seated row,
(9) abdominal crunches) | ↓ IL-6 (AG, RAG)
↓ TNF-α (RAG) | L. G. Lima et al. 2015 [92] |
| 76.8 ± 4.7 | ↑ GDF-15 | 6-minute walk distance over 12 months | ↓ GDF-15 | M. Barma et al. 2017 [93] |
| 52.3 ± 7.1 (no hypertension) 55.2 ± 8.5 (hypertension) | ↑ NO
↑ IL-6
↑ TNF | Exercise intensity was measured by a heart rate monitor and maintained in a low-intensity range (50% and 70% of HRmax) for 40 min (upper + lower limbs) | ↓ NO
↓ IL-6
↓ TNF | L. A. Da silva et al. 2018 [94] |
| 22–70 years old (hypertension) | ↑ SBP
↑ DBP
↔ TNF
↔ ICAM1
↑ EDN1
↑ NOS2 | 4 physical activity training sessions of 40 min a week (bike or jogging) | ↓ SBP
↓ DBP
↔ TNF
↔ ICAM1
↓ EDN1
↓ NOS2 | L. Ferrari et al. 2019 [95] |
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