The Effects of Exercise on Aging-Induced Exaggerated Cytokine Responses: An Interdisciplinary Discussion

Table 3

The deleterious effects of exercise on cytokines in different age populations.

Age (years)	Exercise/physical activity	Deleterious of exercise/physical activity on cytokine	References
22 ± 3	Exercise with high intensity (80–90% VO2max)	↑ IL-6,; ↑ IL-10	A. J. Wadley et al. 2016 [96]
28.1 ± 3	Exercised in 3 groups for 24 h and performed 12 exercise blocks (4x cycling, 4x running, and 4x kayaking) with 46–63%. Each block consisted of 110-minute exercise followed by 10-minute rest for food intake	↑ IL-6,; ↑ IL-8; ↑ CRP; ↔ TNF-α; ↔ IL-1β	P. Marklund et al. 2013 [97]
38.8 ± 10.6	Cycling bout for 2.1 hours (1.75-h preload + 10-km time trial combined (82.2 ± 6.1% HRmax)	↑ IL-6,; ↑ IL-10; ↑ TNF-α; ↑ IL-1β; ↑ IL-8	D. C. Nieman, 2019, [98]
39.1 ± 2.2	3 races: a 10 km race (10 km: 89.12% VO2max), a half-marathon (HM: 81.50% VO2max), and a marathon (M: 68.70% VO2max)	Increased cytokine levels in half marathon and marathon: ↑ IL-6,; ↑ IL-8,; ↑ IL-10,; ↑ CRP	D. Gonzalo-Calvo et al. 2015 [99]
18–40 years old	Exercise with 70% VO2max, 87.8% HRmax (The workload was increased each 5 minutes with 25 watts.)	↑ IL-6,; ↑ IL-10; ↑ TNF-α	S. M. Ulven et al. 2015 [100]
≥60 years old (overweight)	Combined weight training and walking 1 hour, 3 times a week for 18 months	↔ sTNF-R1; ↔ CRP; ↔ IL-6	B. J. Nicklas et al. 2004 [101]
65–80 years	Regular exercise training for 6 months, progressive resistance strength training for 12 weeks	↔ TNF-α; ↔ CRP; ↔ IL-6	C. J. K. Hammett et al. 2004 [102], L. C. Rall et al. 1996 [103]

Notes: ↓ refers to significant decreased; ↑ refers to significant increased; ↔ refers to no change. IL-6, interleukin 6; IL-10, interleukin 10; IL-8, interleukin 8; CRP, C-reactive protein (CRP); TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL-1β, interleukin 1 beta; sTNFR1, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1.