Scientifica

Review Article

Importance and Relevance of Phytochemicals Present in Galenia africana

Table 1

Phytochemical composition of Galenia africana extract fractions and dietary risk intake risk in humans.


CAS number⁺	Chemical structure	Common or IUPAC name	Relative concentration (%)⁺⁺	Chemical class	Dietary intake (mg/day)⁺⁺⁺

Flavonoids in 20% extract
305-01-1		Chrysin or aesculetin	0.54	Flavonoid	0.008 [17]
1776-30-3		2′,4′-Dihydroxychalcone	14.00	Flavonoid	300 [18]
480-39-7		5,7-dihydroxyflavanone/dihydrochrysin/Pinocembrin)	23.10	Flavonoid	0.0043 [17,19]
480-44-4		5,7-Dihydroxy-4′-methoxyflavone/Acacetin	0.40	Flavonoid	0.4 [20]
531-95-3		Equol/4′,7-isoflavandiol	3.87	Flavonoid	9.9 [21,22]
6665-86-7		7-Hydroxyflavone	10.20	Flavonoid	No data
520-28-5		5-Hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (tectochrysin)	7.07	Flavonoid	0.001 [17]
67604-48-2		5,7,4′-trihydroxyflavanone/naringenin	0.44	Flavonoid	45 [23]

Fraction a obtained from 20% extract
88-99-3		Benzene 1,2-dicarboxylic acid (mono 2-ethylhexyl ester)	0.65	Other	30 [24]
628-97-7		Ethyl hexadecanoate	1.88	Fatty acid	5000 [25]
24634-95-5		Ethyl tetracosanoate (C24 ester)	0.58	Fatty acid	100 [25]
593-49-7		Heptacosane	5.98	Aliphatics	56.4 [18]
7796-19-2		2-Heptacosanone	0.55	Aliphatics	56.4 [18]
630-01-3		Hexacosane	1.12	Aliphatics	56.4 [18]
544-76-3		Hexadecane	0.77	Aliphatics	56.4 [18]
103-23-1		Hexanedioic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester	0.96	Fatty acid	5 [25]
544-35-4		Linoleic acid ethyl ester	1.01	Fatty acid	17000 [18]
630-03-5		Nonacosane	10.36	Aliphatics	56.4 [18]
593-45-3		Octadecane	0.80	Aliphatics	56.4 [18]
1191-41-9		9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, ethyl ester (ZZZ)-	0.85	Fatty acid	1600 [18]
629-99-2		Pentacosane	0.90	Aliphatics	56.4 [18]
1117-52-8		5,9,13-Pentadecatrien-2-one- (6,10,14)-trimethyl (E,E)	1.28	Aliphatic triterpenoid	0.540 [24]
111-02-4		Squalene	0.62	Aliphatic Triterpenoid	400 [26,27]
646-31-1		Tetracosane	3.11	Aliphatics	56.4 [18]
638-68-6		Triacontane	0.66	Aliphatics	56.4 [18]
502-69-2		6,10,14-Trimethyl-2-pentadecanone	1.72	Aliphatics	0.540 [18]

Fraction B obtained from 20% extract
117-81-7		1,2-Benzene dicarboxylic acid mono 2-ethylhexyl ester	2.19		30 [24]
120-51-4		Benzylbenzoate	1.52	Other	300 [18]
103-23-1		Bis (2-ethylhexyl) hexanedioic acid	1.62		300 [18]
628-97-7		Ethyl hexadecanoate	1.35	Fatty acid	5000 [25]
1191-41-9		Ethyl Z,Z,Z- 9,12,15-octadecatrienoate	1.03	Fatty acid	1600 [18]
4602-84-0		Farnesol	3.56	Aliphatic triterpenoid	0.009 [28–30]
103-30-0		(E)-stilbene	1.45	Flavonoid	200 [31]
646-31-1		Tetracosane	0.79	Aliphatics	56.4 [18]
646-31-1		α-Tocopherolquinone	1.15	Tocopherol	15 [18]
502-69-2		6,10,14-Trimethyl-2-pentadecanone	5.29	Aliphatics	0.540 [24]
10191-41-0		Vitamin E	1.33	Tocopherol	15 [18]
58-95-7		Vitamin E-acetate	1.71	Tocopherol	15 [18]

Fraction C obtained from 20% extract
140-10-3		trans-Cinnamic acid	0.32	Flavonoid	2.7 [24]
6538-02--9		Ergostanol	0.42	Flavonoid	Not absorbed
57-10-3		Hexadecanoic acid	0.49	Fatty acid	5000 [18]
1002-84-2		Pentadecanoic acid	1.25	Fatty acid	100 [25]
122-57-6		4-Phenylbut-3-en-2-one	0.24	Carbonyl	No data
544-63-8		Tetradecanoic acid	0.19	Fatty acid	1300 [25]
502-69-2		6,10,14-Trimethyl-2-pentadecanone	1.25	Aliphatics	0.540 [24,32]
10191-41-0		Vitamin E	0.20	Tocopherol	15 [18]

Fraction D obtained from 20% extract
92-48-8		2H-1-benzopyran-2-one	0.39	Flavonoid	No data
305-01-1		Esculetin	0.46	Flavonoid	6.0 [18]

Fraction E obtained from 20% extract
140-10-3		trans-Cinnamic acid	0.47	Flavonoid	2.7 [24]
305-01-1		Esculetin	1.05	Flavonoid	6.0 [18]
544-76-3		Hexadecane	0.32	Aliphatics	56.4 [18]
629-59-4		Tetradecane	0.22	Aliphatics	56.4 [18]
126-33-0		Tetrahydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide	1.03	Other	No data

Fraction F obtained from 20% extract
140-10-3		trans-Cinnamic acid	2.05	Flavonoid	2.7 [24]
1776-30-3		2,3-Dimethoxy-2′,4′-dihydroxy chalcone	2.86	Flavonoid	300 [18]
23470-00-0		Ethylhexadecanoic acid-2-hydroxy ester	3.46		5000 [19,25]
544-76-3		Hexadecane	0.83	Aliphatics	56.4 [18]
7786-61-0		2-Methoxy-4-vinyl phenol	0.94	Phenolic	0.29 [33]
593-45-3		Octadecane	1.19	Aliphatics	56.4 [18]
784-62-3		2-Phenyl-4-H-1-benzothiopyran-4-one	2.73	Other	No data
629-59-4		Tetradecane	0.81	Aliphatics	56.4 [18]
126-33-0		Tetrahydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide	8.92	Other	No data

^aDirect GC-MS analysis of chromatography fractions of differing purity after CC fractionation of 20% G. africana extract. ^b Mass spectrum of compounds match with 360000 memory banks. ⁺The CAS number is a unique numerical identifier assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) to chemical substances described in the open literature to create a link to information about a specific chemical substance. ⁺⁺The relative concentration percentage (%) of any compound was calculated by the individual GC-MS peak area divided by the total peak area of the fraction and multiplying the result by 100. ⁺⁺⁺The dietary intake data for the phytochemicals was obtained from data found in peer reviewed articles and reference databases. Chemical structures were obtained by using the CAS number to search for the chemicals on the PubChem database.