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| Sr. No. | Type of waste | Physicochemical characteristics | Methodology | Quality control methods | Final products and uses | Results | References |
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| 1 | Rice straw | In a solid: distilled water ratio of 1 : 20 (w/v dry weight basis), EC and pH were tested in aqueous extracts of rice straw, oilseed rape cake, poultry manure, and compost. | In 90 days, the composts were ready to use. | Composting | Rice straw composted with oilseed rape cake and poultry manure affects the growth and soil properties of the faba bean (Vicia faba L.). | 1—The feasibility and the benefit of compost without chemical fertilizer demonstrated the feasibility of sustainable agronomic performance of faba bean using locally available recycled organic materials. | [13] |
| 2—During composting, total organic C concentrations decreased marginally for all mixtures, while compost N enhanced. |
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| 2 | Corn waste | The mixture's temperature rose to >40°C within one week of the onset of CSC composting. The thermophilic phase (>40°C) temperatures were sustained for the first seven months of the nine-month composting period. | Compost pH was measured in a 1 : 2 slurry of 25 g compost and water. | Composting | Composting has long been used for the management of manure on farms. | 1—Composting alternations in biomass, nitrogen, and 813 C and 814 N content. | [14] |
| 2—Highly recalcitrant composts that can be stored in nonmineral soil fractions for a long time. During composting, the natural abundance tracer technique's sensitivity to identify their soil's fate increases as a more homogeneous C isotope signature. |
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| 3 | Rice straw | At the three main sites, the temperature was determined before turning every two days for the first 16 days and every week before the end of composting (top, middle, and bottom). At 105°C, the moisture content was determined. | Over 90 days, two different mixtures were stacked and composted. The first (C1) mixture contained sewage sludge and wheat straw, while the second (C2) contained sewage sludge, wheat straw, and wood sawdust. | Composting | The inclusion of wood sawdust raises the compost’s nitrogen content, resulting in a mildly alkaline compost that affects seed germination by lowering sewage sludge’s phytotoxicity. | Temperature (in the thermophilic process, >55°C) and moisture content (30%). The required maturity level for pH (6.73 for C1 and 7.19 for C2) and EC (1.81 mS/cm for C1 and 1.32 mS/cm for C2) were met. | [15] |
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| 4 | Rice straw | 1—pH = 7.886 | A laboratory-scale bin composter reactor in a cone shape was utilized during the composting process. | Composting | Depending on the temperature findings for composting mixture at an aeration rate of 0.6 L/min·kg, the compost can be used without limit. There are no pathogens or weed seeds left. | The composting mixture’s final C : N ratio was 11. All composting varieties' pH and moisture contents were 7–8 and 40–70 percent, respectively. | [16] |
| 2—Moisture content % = 7.40 |
| 3—Total carbon % = 41.6 |
| 4—Total nitrogen % = 2; C : N = 20.83 |
| 5—Phosphorus % = 0.08 and potassium % = 0.34. |
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