Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Xanthines: A Short Review

Table 2

Reported potent compounds of xanthines and their targets.

S. No.	Substituted xanthine derivative	Disease target	Potent compounds reported
1	1,3,8- and 1,3,7,8-substituted xanthines derivatives [23]	A2B and A1 adenosine receptors
2	8(cyclopentyloxy) phenylxanthines derivatives [24]	A1 and A2 adenosine receptors
3	8-(phenoxymethyl) xanthine and 8-(3-phenylpropyl) xanthine derivatives [25]	A2A adenosine receptor antagonistic properties
4	8-(p-substituted-phenyl/benzyl) xanthines derivatives [26]	A2A adenosine receptor
5	1,3-diethyl-7-methyl-8-(phenoxymethyl)-xanthine and 1,3,7-trimethyl-8-(phenoxymethyl)-xanthine derivatives [27]	A1 and A2A adenosine receptor antagonists
6	8-(1-prop-2-ynyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-xanthine derivatives [28]	A2B adenosine receptor antagonists
7	Tetrahydropyrazino-annelated theophylline derivatives [29]	Multi-targeted drugs with adenosine receptor (A1, A2A) and MAO-B antagonistic activity.
8	8-(2-nitroaryl) xanthines [30]	Human A2A adenosine receptor
9	8-(3-phenylpropyl) xanthines 8-(2-phenylethyl) xanthines and 8-(phenoxymethyl) xanthines [31]	Adenosine A1 receptors
10	Carboxylate amides of 8-phenyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine [32]	Adenosine A2A receptors
11	6-amino-5-carboxamidouracils [33]	—
12	1,3-substituted 8-styrylxanthines [34]	A1 and A2A adenosine receptors antagonist
13	Tetrahydropyrimido[2,1-f] purinediones derivatives [35]	A2B adenosine receptor antagonists
14	8-benzyltetrahydropyrazino [2,1-f] purinediones derivatives [36]	Dual-target-directed A1/A2A adenosine receptor antagonists
15	1,3-dialkyl-substituted tetrahydropyrimido [1,2-f]purine-2,4-diones [37]	Human A2A adenosine receptor antagonists
16	8-benzyl-substituted tetrahydropyrazino [2,1-f] purinediones [38]	Dual A1/A2A adenosine receptor antagonists
17	Xanthine derivatives [39]	Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities
18	8-alkylmercaptocaffeine derivatives [40]	—
19	8-substituted xanthine derivatives [41]	A2A adenosine receptor antagonists
20	1,2,3-triazole-based xanthine derivatives [42]	Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors
21	3-benzyl-8-propylxanthinyl-7-acetic acid [43]	—
22	1,3,8-substituted tetrahydropyrazino [2,1-f] purinediones [44]	A1 and A2A adenosine receptors and MAO-B