Effect of Bronchoscopist-Directed Sedation and Other Factors on Patient Comfort during Diagnostic Flexible Bronchoscopy

Table 3

Factors affecting patient comfort during flexible bronchoscopy.

Characteristics	Low discomfort VAS <25, n = 170	High discomfort VAS ≥25, n = 204	-value
Age (mean years ± SD)	52.00 ± 14.54	53.76 ± 13.87	0.232
Male: female	108 : 62	114 : 90	0.134^#
Addictions, n (%)
Smokers (including ex-smokers)	34 (20.0)	51 (25.0)	0.120^#
Alcoholics	2 (1.2)	6 (2.9)
Both (smokers and alcoholics)	8 (4.7)	3 (1.5)
Nil addictions	126 (74.1)	144 (70.6)
Any comorbidities, n (%)	108 (63.53)	135 (66.2)	0.593^#
Socioeconomic class, n (%)
Lower class	2 (1.2)	4 (2)	0.674^#
Upper lower class	36 (21.2)	49 (24.0)
Lower middle class	97 (57.1)	116 (56.9)
Upper middle class	34 (20.0)	32 (15.7)
Upper class	1 (0.6)	3 (1.5)
Indication for flexible bronchoscopy, n (%)
Tubercular	69 (40.6)	79 (38.7)	0.865^#
Other infections	64 (37.6)	76 (37.3)
Malignancy	37 (21.8)	49 (24.0)
Preprocedural anxiety level (VAS score) (median (Q1, Q3)	20 (10, 25)	30 (20, 40)	<0.001
Route of bronchoscope insertion, n (%)
Transnasal	155 (91.2)	186 (91.2)	1.000^#
Transoral	15 (8.8)	18 (8.8)
Midazolam used, n (%)	58 (34.1)	54 (26.5)	0.068^#
Midazolam not used, n (%)	112 (65.9)	150 (73.5)
Midazolam fentanyl combination used, n (%)	35 (20.6)	22 (10.8)	0.009^#
Midazolam fentanyl combination not used, n (%)	135 (79.4)	182 (89.2)
Lignocaine dose (mean ± SD)	187.65 ± 15.55	190.0 ± 18.03	0.182
Bronchoscopic interventions done, n (%)
Bronchial lavage	170 (100)	204 (100)	—
Biopsy/TBNA	21 (12.4)	22 (10.8)	0.636^#
Bronchial brushing	41 (24.1)	45 (22.1)	0.638^#
Experience of the operator
Less experienced (0–4 years)	125 (73.5)	141 (69.1)	0.349^#
More experienced (>4 years)	45 (26.5)	63 (30.9)
Duration of procedure in minutes (mean ± SD)	14.10 ± 4.87	14.02 ± 5.6	0.884
Procedure-related adverse events during or in the immediate postprocedure period	35 (20.6)	36 (17.6)	0.470^#

^#Chi-square test. Independent Student’s t-test. Mann–Whitney U test.