Research Article
Effect of Bronchoscopist-Directed Sedation and Other Factors on Patient Comfort during Diagnostic Flexible Bronchoscopy
Table 4
Factors affecting patient comfort in sedation and nonsedation groups during flexible bronchoscopy.
| | Characteristics | Sedation (N = 187) | Nonsedation (N = 187) | | Low discomfort VAS <25, n = 103 | High discomfort VAS ≥25, n = 84 | -value | Low discomfort VAS <25, n = 67 | High discomfort VAS ≥25, n = 120 | -value |
| | Age (mean years ± SD) | 50.30 ± 14.05 | 53.27 ± 13.98 | 0.368 | 54.61 ± 15.06 | 54.11 ± 13.83 | 0.637 | | Male: female | 66 : 37 | 41 : 43 | 0.036# | 42 : 25 | 73 : 47 | 0.803# | | Addictions, n (%) | | Smokers (including ex-smokers) | 17 (16.5) | 18 (21.4) | 0.303# | 17 (25.4) | 33 (27.5) | 0.311# | | Alcoholics | 2 (1.9) | 2 (2.4) | 0 (0) | 4 (3.3) | | Both (smokers and alcoholics) | 4 (3.9) | 0 (0) | 4 (6.0) | 3 (2.5) | | Nil addictions | 80 (77.7) | 64 (76.2) | 46 (68.7) | 80 (66.7) | | Comorbidities, n (%) | 70 (68) | 56 (66.7) | 0.851# | 38 (56.7) | 79 (65.8) | 0.217# | | Socioeconomic class, n (%) | | Lower class | 2 (1.9) | 0 (0) | 0.480# | 0 (0) | 4 (3.3) | 0.395# | | Upper lower class | 20 (19.4) | 22 (26.2) | 16 (23.9) | 27 (22.5) | | Lower middle class | 55 (53.4) | 43 (51.2) | 42 (62.7) | 73 (60.8) | | Upper middle class | 25 (24.3) | 19 (22.6) | 9 (13.4) | 13 (10.8) | | Upper class | 1 (1.0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (2.5) | | Indication for flexible bronchoscopy, n (%) | | Tubercular | 39 (37.9) | 36 (42.9) | 0.475# | 30 (44.8) | 43 (35.8) | 0.444# | | Other infections | 42 (40.8) | 27 (32.1) | 22 (32.8) | 49 (40.8) | | Malignancy | 22 (21.4) | 21 (25.0) | 15 (22.4) | 28 (23.3) | | Preprocedural anxiety level before examination (VAS score) (median (Q1, Q3)) | 15 (10,20) | 35 (26,45) | <0.001 | 15 (10,20) | 35.20 (30,45) | <0.001 | | Lignocaine dose (mean ± SD) | 185.83 ± 12.41 | 185.95 ± 13.09 | 0.946 | 190.45 ± 19.18 | 192.83 ± 20.83 | 0.392 | | Bronchoscopic interventions done, n (%) | | Bronchial lavage | 103 (100) | 84 (100) | — | 67 (100) | 120 (100) | — | | Biopsy/TBNA | 13 (12.6) | 11 (13.1) | 0.923# | 8 (11.9) | 11 (9.2) | 0.547# | | Bronchial brushing | 21 (20.4) | 19 (22.6) | 0.711# | 20 (29.9) | 26 (21.7) | 0.213# | | Duration of procedure (minutes) (mean ± SD) | 13.92 ± 4.856 | 14.64 ± 6.07 | 0.151 | 14.37 ± 4.93 | 13.58 ± 5.22 | 0.952 | | Procedure-related adverse events during or in the immediate postprocedure period | 23 (22.3) | 18 (21.42) | 0.417# | 12 (17.91) | 17 (14.16) | 0.444# |
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#Chi-square test. Independent Student’s t-test. Mann–Whitney U test. |
