Power Grid Estimation Using Electric Network Frequency Signals

<div>Raw ENF signal, <span class="nowrap"><svg height="5.69755pt" id="M64" style="vertical-align:-0.04980993pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -5.64774 6.54572 5.69755" width="6.54572pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M494 0V32C450 38 426 53 393 105L296 260C330 305 354 338 375 361C411 396 421 401 476 410V442H293V410C332 402 337 394 323 371C311 351 295 324 274 293L227 371C213 393 218 402 252 410V442H16V410C70 402 80 391 108 344L196 199C166 159 140 123 115 95C81 54 61 43 7 32V0H196V32C156 41 150 53 167 81C182 105 199 138 219 166L269 79C287 49 283 38 245 32V0H494Z"></path></g></svg>,</span> and two-level maximal overlap discrete wavelet packet transform for the raw signals.</div>

Security and Communication Networks

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Figure 4

Figure 4: Power Grid Estimation Using Electric Network Frequency Signals 