A Survey of Key Technologies for Constructing Network Covert Channel

Table 2

The summary of typical CSCs and CTCs.

Covert channel	Category	Samanic preserving	Syntax preserving	Noiseless	Statistics	Description
Cabuk et al. [52]	C1					The on-off CTC.
Shah et al. [43]	C1					The jitterbug CTC.
Brodley and Spafford [44]	C1					The time-replay CTC.
Sellke et al. [45]	C1					The L-N CTC.
Liu et al. [53]	C1					A improved method for selecting interval time in [44].
Li et al. [46]	C2					Consuming switch performance to affect throughput.
Tahir et al. [47]	C3					A high speed covert channels in data center networks
Zhang et al. [54]	C3					Modify numbers of video packets.
Ahsan and Kundur [55]	C3					Modify the order of IPSec packets.
Zhang et al. [56]	C3					Postpone or extend the silence periods over VoLTE.
Krtzer et al. [57]	C4					Duplicate selected IEEE 802.11 packets.
Mazurczyk et al. [48]	C4					Retransmit a packet which carries secrets.
Schulz et al. [58]	C5				—	Modulate the size of IPSec packets.
Luo et al. [49]	C5				—	Modulate the size of TCP databursts.
Rios et al. [59]	C6				—	Adjust the options in the DHCP protocol.
Zhang et al. [60]	C6				—	An enlarging-the-capacity packet sorting covert channel.
Wang et al. [17]	C7				—	Utilize LSB in some header fields.
Trabelsi et al. [61]	C7				—	Utilize ICMP payload.
Rowland [50]	C8				—	Utilize unused areas in the IPv4 and TCP header.
Lucena et al. [31]	C8				—	Utilize unused areas in the IPv6 header and its extensions.
Liu et al. [51]	C9				—	A video steganography scheme based on chaotic mapping.
Kadhim et al. [62]	C9				—	A image steganography scheme based on the mapping function of genetic algorithm.