Research Article

Robust Frame Duplication Detection for Degraded Videos

Table 1

The description of the three forgery subsets.

SubsetDescription

MCOMPMCOMP stands for multiple compression. For each original clip, we use MATLAB R2014a to randomly copy k (5 ≤ k ≤ 35) consecutive frames and paste them to another random position in the timeline and resave the clips with the quality factors of 100, 80, and 60, respectively. Finally, each clip has been compressed three times (by camcorder, Adobe Premiere, and MATLAB, respectively). We denote the three levels of compression as MCOMP100, MCOMP80, and MCOMP60 groups, respectively.

MCOMP + AGNThe same steps as the MCOMP100 group are performed. Besides, before resaving the forged clips, additive Gaussian noise with the standard deviations of 1, 5, and 10 is added to the target frames, i.e., each original clip corresponds to three forged clips subject to different levels of additive noise. For simplicity, in the rest of this paper, we refer to these three levels of forgeries as AGN1, AGN5, and AGN10 groups, respectively.

MCOMP + INTThe same steps as the MCOMP100 group are performed. Besides, before resaving the forged clips, the intensity of the pixels in the target frames is downscaled to 99%, 97%, and 95% of their original values. In the following, we refer to these three levels of forgeries as INT99, INT97, and INT95 groups, respectively.