A Spectrum-Efficient Cross-Layer RF Distance Bounding Scheme

Table 1

Benchmark with existing schemes.

Scheme	Parameters
	Processing Delay	Precise Distance Measurement	Spectrum Consumption	Clocking	EP/LC	Terrorist	Hijacking
Brands & Chaum [8]	>50 ns	No	—	No	No	Yes	Yes
CRCS [11]	1ns	No	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
UWB-based [15, 22]	2.5 ns	Yes (-level)	High ( of )	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
FMCW-based [14]		Yes (-level)	High ( of )	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
SFCW-based (this scheme)		Yes (-level)	Low (discrete frequencies)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

The authors discuss the protocol security against various attacks in Section 6 but only list four types of attacks (Clocking, Early Detect, Late Commit, and Distance Hijacking attacks) due to space limitations of the page. Actually, all the five types of schemes listed in Table 1 can resist the attacks not listed in the table.