The Optimal Carrier-Secret Ratio for Wireless Covert Channels Based on Constellation Shaping Modulation

Figure 11

KL divergence of constellation errors with different CSRs: (a) KL divergence of I vectors, (b) KL divergence of Q vectors, (c) KL divergence of magnitudes, and (d) KL divergence of phase.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)