Wasserstein Metric-Based Location Spoofing Attack Detection in WiFi Positioning Systems

Table 4

Comparison of different methods on WiFi spoofing attack detection.

	Method	Implementation requirements			Detection rate (%)
		Collaborative devices	Priori knowledge	Access to raw signal
Restuccia et al. [6]	Cross check with other users	✓	—	—	Not given
Ye et al. [7]	Cross check with positioning servers	✓	—	—	Not given
Faria and Cheriton [8]	RSSI with min-max match	✓	—	—	99.1
Yang et al. [9]	RSSI with SVM	✓	—	—	98
Xiao et al. [22]	CSI with generalized likelihood ratio test	✓	—	—	90
Liu et al. [23]	CSI with SVM	✓	—	—	95
Wang et al. [10]	CSI with multiple antenna positioning	—	—	—	98.5
Suski et al. [11]	Preamble spectrum feature	—	✓	✓	80
Brik et al. [13]	Multiple signal features	—	✓	✓	99
Jiang et al. [14]	CSI with deep learning	—	—	—	95
Our method	Frequency offset with Wasserstein metric	—	—	✓	99