A Survey on the Noncooperative Environment in Smart Nodes-Based Ad Hoc Networks: Motivations and Solutions

Table 1

Types of ad hoc networks and their motivations for the selfishness adoption.

Network type	Primary concerns	Secondary concerns	No concerns
WSN	The nodes operate on limited energy, storage, and bandwidth.	Social likeness can be considered secondarily. Some intelligent nodes may prefer some other selected nodes for cooperation.	In most of WSNs, the nodes do not move. The mobility does not affect the behavior of nodes in WSNs.
DTN	Social likeness associated with limited storage buffer can be considered. The nodes prefer to use their storage buffer for some known nodes.	Energy can also be considered for behavioral change. The nodes may operate on a limited set of energy.	Privacy and mobility are not considered in most of the DTNs.
VANET	In most of the VANETs, the data privacy, social likeness, and mobility of network nodes are considered.	Bandwidth in some cases may be considered due to the huge amount of traffic.	Usually, energy and storage are not focused in most of the VANETs.
Smart phones ad hoc network	The smart nodes use a limited set of batteries. The phone may carry some sensitive private data and the users may have some social affiliations	The phone set may have a limited amount of storage for keeping the data being forwarded to others.	Mobility and bandwidth are not considered in such networks.
Mobile sensor network	Limited energy, storage, and mobility of nodes may affect the routing behavior.	Bandwidth, secondarily, may lead to a selfish behavior.	Usually, such nodes do not consider the data privacy.