A Survey on the Noncooperative Environment in Smart Nodes-Based Ad Hoc Networks: Motivations and Solutions

Table 2

Classes of schemes used for selfish node management.

Class type	Description	Example
Detection mechanisms	Detects and adaptively reports/blocks the noncooperative or misbehaving nodes in the network	Marti et al. [37]
	Simple and straightforward schemes for treating all the nodes
Trust-based mechanisms	Some trust levels are defined among the nodes	Shaikh et al. [38]
	Behavioral history of each node is logged and the nodes consider the trust levels among them
Reputation-based incentive mechanisms	A reputation level is made based on incentives granted	He et al. [39]
	Nodes try to get more incentive by offering frequent relaying services for their better reputation
Credit-based incentive mechanisms	A pricing model is made	Umar et al. [18]
	Nodes are given some values for their data exchange
	The relaying service is paid by the source nodes for forwarding their data
Evolutionary game-theoretic approaches	A repetitive type of procedure is adopted in such mechanisms	Gameda et al. [40]
	Each node learns with the passage of time and adjusts its strategies to obtain an equilibrium point for the entire network
	Most of the evolutionary games are applied in cluster-based WSNs