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| Consensus | Main idea | Solution effect | Existing problems |
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| DPoS | Witnesses take turns to generate blocks in sequence, and other witnesses verify the blocks | Provides higher security, can verify transactions in seconds, and can resist 51% attacks | Ordinary nodes do not actively participate in voting; corruption and bribery occur |
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| Snow White | In each reconfiguration process, the nearest interest owner in the system is selected as the active member set, and the blocker is randomly selected according to the equity ratio | Meets the needs of nodes to join and exit the network randomly to achieve fairness | The network model is a sleepy model, and nodes cannot permanently remain online |
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| Sleepy Consensus | The distributed protocol is studied in the “sleep” computing model; the online status of each node can be changed at any time | Can guarantee security and robustness when the number of active honest nodes reaches more than half or the number of honest online nodes exceeds the number of failed nodes | |
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| Ouroboros | The reward mechanism encourages nodes to join the blockchain; a random function randomly selects block producers for each round of a period from the set of all current legal block producers | Randomly selects bookkeepers according to the stake, solving the long-range attacks | May be subject to bribery attacks or DDoS attacks |
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| Ouroboros Praos | The block producer is determined privately, and other nodes cannot determine the block producer in this round before successfully generating a new block | Effectively prevents block producers from being attacked by bribery or DDoS attacks | |
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| Ouroboros Genesis | When a new node joins the network, the selected blockchain needs to have a common prefix with the other chains and be the longest chain | Addresses long-range attacks, allowing parties to join and leave the system at will | |
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| Ouroboros Crypsinous | The SNARK mechanism of “transaction injection” in Zerocash is extended to an environment where the currency does not depreciate so that no additional information is disclosed in the process | Implements for the first time analogue-based privacy that is universally composable and secure in the forward direction. Ensures consistency and mobility and is resistant to adaptive attacks | |
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| EOS | Ballot holders elect the representatives they support by voting, and the witness network composed of these representatives reaches consensus through BFT | Makes the block generation interval reach 0.5 s and shortens the delay to 1.5 s, reaching millions of transactions per second | The actual throughput and decentralisation are not ideal |
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| Improvement of DPoS | The voting incentive mechanism and the checkpoint protocol of PBFT are introduced to enhance community activity; malicious nodes are removed and punished in a timely manner | Accelerates the processing speed of malicious nodes, boosts operation efficiency, and generates block quickly | |
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| Improvement of DPoS | Voting is used to reward incentive nodes actively participating in the voting, and reporting is used to reward incentive nodes actively reporting bribery nodes | Improves the enthusiasm of nodes to vote and strengthens the resistance of ordinary nodes to the bribery of malicious nodes | |
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| Improvement of DPoS | The transaction fee of a node is shared with its voters, and it is difficult for a malicious node to become a representative node as the calculation of the voting results is optimised | Reduces the probability of the successful election of malicious nodes and improves the security of the system | Throughput and consensus delay are not ideal |
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