AEGuard: Image Feature-Based Independent Adversarial Example Detection Model

Figure 5

DCT coefficient bias comparison: (a) adversarial example with low sharpness; (b) DCT coefficients of adversarial example with low sharpness; (c) adversarial example with high sharpness [21]; (d) DCT coefficients of adversarial example with high sharpness.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)