A Privacy-Preserving Authentication Scheme for VANETs with Exculpability

Table 1

The notations of the execution time of cryptography operations.

Notations	Description
	Two cyclic groups of prime order , denoted as
	Two generators of
	Three generators of
	The private key of the TA
	Two integers of
	A hash function:
	The partial private key of vehicle generated by
	The partial private key of vehicle generated by TA
	The public key of vehicle
	The full-private key of vehicle
	The signature of message
	The private value of vehicle which is bound to the real identity