A Privacy-Preserving Authentication Scheme for VANETs with Exculpability

Table 2

Comparison of our scheme to others.

Schemes	[4]	[5]	[10]	[20]	[7]	[6]	Ours
Real ID exposure level	TRA	TA	TRC	Leader-RSU	GM	TA	TA
Pseudo-ID untraceable	No	No	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Untrusted RSUs	No	No	No	No	No	Semi	Yes
Unlinkability	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Private key update online	No	No	Yes (TRC)	Yes (GM)	Yes (GM)	Yes (TA)	Yes (V)
Tracing	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Member revocation	PKG	TA	TA	Partial	GM	TA	TA
Exculpability	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes