Moderate Exercise Plus Sleep Education Improves Self-Reported Sleep Quality, Daytime Mood, and Vitality in Adults with Chronic Sleep Complaints: A Waiting List-Controlled Trial

Table 2

Model estimated means (𝑀), standard deviation (SD) and Time × Group effects for the PSQI subscales.

	Groups				Statistical analyses^1
	Intervention group		Control waiting-list group		Factor		Factor		Interaction
	Baseline	Post	Baseline	Post	time		group		time × group
PSQI subscale	𝑀 (SD)	𝑀 (SD)	𝑀 (SD)	𝑀 (SD)	F	𝜂^2	F	𝜂^2	F	𝜂^2
Sleep quality	1.99 (0.53)	1.31 (0.58)	2.07 (0.59)	1.98 (0.46)	1.40	0.01	10.76***	0.09	18.25***	0.14
Sleep latency	1.71 (0.82)	1.30 (0.67)	1.93 (0.87)	1.82 (0.90)	0.28	0.00	4.09*	0.04	2.38	0.02
Sleep duration	1.46 (1.01)	0.94 (0.79)	1.77 (0.94)	1.66 (0.89)	0.61	0.01	2.89	0.03	7.04**	0.06
Habitual sleep efficiency	1.81 (0.97)	0.96 (0.97)	2.18 (1.06)	2.05 (0.96)	0.01	0.00	11.54***	0.10	11.33***	0.10
Sleep disturbances	1.40 (0.49)	1.27 (0.45)	1.61 (0.58)	1.45 (0.50)	0.00	0.00	1.72	0.02	0.00	0.00
Use of sleep medications	0.91 (1.20)	0.66 (1.09)	1.16 (1.29)	0.80 (1.21)	0.19	0.00	0.50	0.01	0.16	0.00
Daytime dysfunction	1.53 (0.70)	1.33 (0.63)	1.61 (0.75)	1.52 (0.73)	4.27*	0.04	2.04	0.02	1.50	0.01
Reported sleep duration (h)	5.71 (1.21)	6.26 (1.06)	5.44 (1.00)	5.53 (0.90)	0.15	0.00	1.65	0.02	6.07*	0.05
Reported SOL (min)	36.80 (41.78)	18.81 (15.75)	41.32 (52.93)	36.32 (47.52)	2.94	0.03	0.63	0.01	4.85*	0.04

¹ANCOVA with the factors “time” (depicted) “group” (depicted) and “gender” (not depicted) and the covariate age (two-tailed).
* 𝑃<.05; **𝑃<.01; ***𝑃<.001.