The Epidemiology of Sleep Quality, Sleep Patterns, Consumption of Caffeinated Beverages, and Khat Use among Ethiopian College Students
Table 1
Characteristics of the study population.
Characteristic
All **N = 2,230
Poor sleep quality **N = 1,175
Good sleep quality **N = 1,055
P value
n (%)
n (%)
n (%)
Age (Mean ± SD)
21.6 ± 1.7
21.7 ± 1.8
21.6 ± 1.6
0.035
Age (years)
18-19
123 (5.5)
59 (5.0)
64 (6.1)
20
454 (20.4)
238 (20.3)
216 (20.5)
21
627 (28.1)
321 (27.3)
306 (29.0)
0.436
22 and older
1,026 (46.0)
557 (47.4)
469 (44.4)
Sex
Male
1,700 (77.3)
880 (75.9)
820 (78.9)
Female
499 (22.7)
279 (24.1)
220 (21.1)
0.103
Cigarette smoking status
Never
2,146 (96.2)
1,126 (95.8)
1,020 (96.7)
Ever
84 (3.8)
49 (4.2)
35 (3.3)
0.291
Alcohol consumption
<1 drink/month
1,900 (85.2)
994 (84.6)
906 (85.9)
1–19 drinks/month
303 (13.6)
162 (13.8)
141 (13.4)
0.168
≥20 drinks/month
27 (1.2)
19 (1.6)
8 (0.8)
Khat consumption
No
1,751 (89.3)
904 (88.1)
847 (90.7)
Yes
209 (10.7)
122 (11.9)
87 (9.3)
0.065
Body mass index (kg/m2)
Underweight (<18.5)
857 (38.6)
445 (38.0)
412 (39.2)
Normal (18.5–24.9)
1,337 (60.2)
719 (61.3)
618 (58.9)
0.025
Overweight (25.0–29.9)
28 (1.2)
8 (0.7)
20 (1.9)
Any physical activity
No
607 (28.9)
293 (26.5)
314 (31.5)
Yes
1,495 (71.1)
813 (73.5)
682 (68.5)
0.011
P value from Chi-square test for categorical variables or from Student’s t-test for continuous variables.
**Numbers may not add up due to missing data for selected variables.
