The Epidemiology of Sleep Quality, Sleep Patterns, Consumption of Caffeinated Beverages, and Khat Use among Ethiopian College Students
Table 3
Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for poor sleep quality.
Characteristic
Unadjusted OR (95% CI)
Age and sex adjusted OR (95% CI)
Multivariate *adjusted OR (95% CI)
Sex
Male
1.00 (Reference)
1.00 (Reference)
1.00 (Reference)
Female
1.18 (0.97–1.44)
1.25 (1.02–1.55)
1.37 (1.08–1.73)
Smoking status
Never
1.00 (Reference)
1.00 (Reference)
Ever
1.27 (0.81–1.97)
1.32 (0.84–2.07)
Number of alcohol drinks
<1 drink/month
1.00 (Reference)
1.00 (Reference)
1–19 drinks/month
1.05 (0.82–1.33)
1.06 (0.83–1.36)
≥20 drinks/month
2.16 (0.94–4.96)
2.12 (0.92–4.91)
Khat consumption
No
1.00 (Reference)
1.00 (Reference)
Yes
1.31 (0.98–1.75)
1.32 (0.98–1.77)
Any caffeine containing beverages consumption
No
1.00 (Reference)
1.00 (Reference)
1.00 (Reference)
Yes
1.29 (1.05–1.59)
1.29 (1.04–1.59)
1.23 (0.99–1.53)
Physical activity
No
1.00 (Reference)
1.00 (Reference)
1.00 (Reference)
Yes
1.27 (1.05–1.54)
1.28 (1.05–1.55)
1.27 (1.02–1.64)
Adjusted odds ratios provided for variables selected in the final model using forward logistic regression.
**Poor sleep quality: PSQI Global score > 5.
