Research Article
The Epidemiology of Sleep Quality, Sleep Patterns, Consumption of Caffeinated Beverages, and Khat Use among Ethiopian College Students
Table 5
Prevalence and odds ratios for sleep quality parameters in relation to stimulant drinks and lifestyle characteristics.
| | | | Short sleep duration | Long sleep latency | Day dysfunction | Poor sleep efficiency | Sleep medicine | | Sleep quality parameters | | (≤6 hrs) | (>30 min) | due to Sleep | (<85%) | use |
All
(n = 2,230) | () | (n = 1,082) | () | () | () | | | | % | OR (CI) | % | OR (CI) | % | OR (CI) | % | OR (CI) | % | OR (CI) |
| | Smoking status | | | | | | | | | | | | | Never | 2,146 | 44.2 | 1.00 (Reference) | 48.0 | 1.00 (Reference) | 30.4 | 1.00 (Reference) | 29.8 | 1.00 (Reference) | 3.1 | 1.00 (Reference) | | Ever | 84 | 38.1 | 0.67 (0.43–1.05) | 61.9 | 1.68 (1.06–2.63) | 25.0 | 0.79 (0.46–1.31) | 42.9 | 1.74 (1.11–2.73) | 8.3 | 2.84 (1.26–6.43) | | Alcohol consumption | | | | | | | | | | | | | <1 drink/month | 1,900 | 44.8 | 1.00 (Reference) | 47.7 | 1.00 (Reference) | 30.1 | 1.00 (Reference) | 29.5 | 1.00 (Reference) | 3.0 | 1.00 (Reference) | | 1–19 drinks/month | 303 | 39.6 | 0.82 (0.64–1.05) | 53.1 | 1.21 (0.95–1.55) | 30.0 | 1.06 (0.81–1.39) | 34.3 | 1.25 (0.96–1.62) | 3.3 | 1.09 (0.55–2.16) | | ≥20 drinks/month | 27 | 37.0 | 0.81 (0.37–1.81) | 55.6 | 1.24 (0.57–2.71) | 40.7 | 1.56 (0.70–3.47) | 40.7 | 1.47 (0.66–3.24) | 22.2 | 9.25 (3.53–24.20) | | value for trend | | | 0.121 | | 0.119 | | 0.355 | | 0.058 | | 0.003 | | Khat consumption/week | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0 | 2,056 | 44.2 | 1.00 (Reference) | 46.9 | 1.00 (Reference) | 29.3 | 1.00 (Reference) | 29.0 | 1.00 (Reference) | 2.8 | 1.00 (Reference) | | 1-2 | 89 | 37.1 | 0.77 (0.49–1.20) | 56.2 | 1.29 (0.84–2.01) | 25.8 | 0.93 (0.57–1.53) | 34.8 | 1.29 (0.82–2.05) | 5.6 | 2.03 (0.77–5.361) | | ≥3 | 85 | 43.4 | 1.05 (0.67–1.64) | 61.5 | 1.72 (1.09–2.71) | 32.7 | 1.28 (0.79–2.07) | 44.6 | 1.91 (1.22–3.00) | 10.8 | 4.42 (2.06–9.47) | | value for trend | | | 0.777 | | 0.011 | | 0.420 | | 0.003 | | <0.001 | | Any caffeine containing beverages consumption | | | | | | | | | | | | No
| 436 | 43.7 | 1.00 (Reference) | 41.1 | 1.00 (Reference) | 27.1 | 1.00 (Reference) | 27.7 | 1.00 (Reference) | 2.9 | 1.00 (Reference) | | Yes | 1,789 | 44.0 | 1.00 (0.81–1.23) | 50.3 | 1.48 (1.19–1.83) | 30.9 | 1.21 (0.95–1.53) | 30.8 | 1.15 (0.91–1.45) | 3.4 | 1.15 (0.63–2.13) | | Physical activity | | | | | | | | | | | | | No | 607 | 45.7 | 1.00 (Reference) | 43.3 | 1.00 (Reference) | 30.3 | 1.00 (Reference) | 26.5 | 1.00 (Reference) | 2.3 | 1.00 (Reference) | | Yes | 1,495 | 43.7 | 0.95 (0.78–1.15) | 50.4 | 1.29 (1.07–1.57) | 30.1 | 1.00 (0.81–1.23) | 31.9 | 1.27 (1.03–1.58) | 3.8 | 1.60 (0.88–2.91) |
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Adjusted for age and sex.
Numbers may not add up due to missing data for selected variables.
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